College of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454002, China
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文章历史+
Received
Published
Revised
2025-12-08
2026-10-18
2026-03-16
Online Date
2026-10-30
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摘要
针对传统快速扩展随机树(rapidly-exploring random tree,RRT)算法在机械臂路径规划中存在收敛效率低、路径冗余度高及适应性差等问题,提出一种多策略融合的改进RRT算法,以提升机械臂在复杂环境下运动的路径规划性能。创建六自由度机械臂模型,通过目标导向与局部障碍感知相结合的高斯混合采样机制,动态调节采样点的生成概率,增强算法在狭窄通道和障碍密集区域中的搜索能力,引入k维树(k-dimensional tree,KD-Tree)结构优化最近邻搜索效率,设计自适应步长机制提升局部通过性,并结合路径剪枝策略减少冗余节点,提升路径平滑性。最终通过在关节空间中应用五次多项式插值方法来完成轨迹的平滑生成。通过MATLAB仿真与ROS(robot operating system)实验验证结果表明,改进RRT算法相对于传统RRT算法的平均路径长度缩短了13.2%~18.3%,收敛时间减少了77.9%~93.8%。在机械臂实体实验中,该算法同样实现了平稳避障与连续轨迹规划,验证了其在真实场景中的有效性和适应性。所提出的改进型RRT算法有效提高了机械臂在路径规划中的执行速率与环境适应能力,为智能制造领域机械臂自主作业提供了切实可行的技术路径。
Abstract
To address the issues of low convergence efficiency, high path redundancy, and poor adaptability in traditional RRT algorithms for robotic arm path planning, an improved rapidly-exploring random tree(RRT) algorithm with multi-strategy fusion was proposed to enhance the path planning performance of robotic arms in complex environments. A six-degree-of-freedom robotic arm model was created. By combining goal-oriented and local obstacle-aware Gaussian mixture sampling mechanisms, the generation probability of sampling points was dynamically adjusted to enhance the algorithm's search ability in narrow channels and obstacle-dense areas. The k-dimensional tree(KD-Tree) structure was introduced to optimize the nearest neighbor search efficiency, an adaptive step size mechanism was designed to improve local passability, and a path pruning strategy was combined to reduce redundant nodes and enhance path smoothness. The trajectory was ultimately smoothed and generated by applying quintic polynomial interpolation in the joint space. The results verified by MATLAB simulation and robot operating system (ROS) experiments show that the average path length of the improved RRT algorithm is shortened by 13.2% to 18.3% compared with the traditional RRT algorithm, and the convergence time is reduced by 77.9% to 93.8%. In the physical experiment of the robotic arm, this algorithm also achieved smooth obstacle avoidance and continuous trajectory planning, verifying its effectiveness and adaptability in real scenarios. The improved RRT algorithm proposed effectively enhances the execution rate and environmental adaptability of robotic arms in path planning, providing a practical and feasible technical approach for the autonomous operation of robotic arms in the field of intelligent manufacturing.
然而,在当前主流方法中,图搜索法(如A*[2]和Dijkstra[3]算法)虽能保证路径搜索的完备性和最优性,却难以适应高速运动场景;人工势场法[4-5]凭借其计算简便、易于控制集成的特点获得应用,但存在高维空间控制能力不足的固有缺陷;相比之下,基于概率采样的快速扩展随机树(rapidly-exploring random tree,RRT)算法[6-7]与概率路线图(probabilistic roadmap,PRM)算法[8]因其在多维复杂环境中的适应性而更具优势,其中RRT算法由于更符合机械臂运动学特性,在实际工程中应用最为广泛。
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