Reciprocating compressors are characterized by complex structures and numerous excitation sources, leading to a severe coupling of fault characteristics in their vibration signals. Therefore, selecting the most discriminative fault features from high-dimensional feature sets is considered highly important. In traditional genetic algorithms, fixed-length encoding is used, which tends to trap the algorithm in local optima. This often results in issues such as over-selection or loss of features within the selected feature subsets. To address these limitations, a feature selection method based on BVL-SCGA (bounded variable length sign coding genetic algorithm) was proposed. In this approach, sign coding was applied to high-dimensional datasets. Bounded intervals were set to constrain the search scope, and a repair operator was incorporated to prevent feature redundancy, combined with feature evaluation criteria, the method accomplishes diagnostic tasks. Experimental results on public datasets indicate that the BVL-SCGA algorithm effectively overcomes the problems of genetic algorithms becoming trapped in local optima and feature subset redundancy during feature selection in high-dimensional spaces. Furthermore, the application of this feature selection method to vibration signals from reciprocating compressor bearings enables accurate diagnosis of large bearing clearance faults. The superiority of the proposed approach is thus validated.
近年来,为解决故障特征冗余问题,一系列特征降维算法被相继提出,其主要分为线性和非线性两类[4]。由于往复机械中轴承故障信号通常具有非线性特点,线性降维方法存在一定局限性。为此,部分学者开展了流形学习和核主元分析(kernel principal component analysis,KPCA)等非线性故障特征降维方法研究,利用局部建模和核技巧以捕捉数据中的非线性关系。戚晓利等[5]利用局部切空间排列算法,以挖掘数据的低维流形结构,提高滚动轴承早期故障诊断效果。陈乐瑞等[6]利用KPCA将提取到的高维故障特征压缩,提高了机器人用RV(rotary vector)减速器的诊断准确率。上述方法通过有效保持低维特征在高维空间的局部信息实现降维,但对于全局特征分布信息的获取仍需进一步研究[7-8]。
采用最大信息系数(maximal information coefficient,MIC)衡量特征与类别之间的相关性,结合拉普拉斯得分(Laplacian score,LS)的排序以及ReliefF算法进行特征重要性评估[16]。综合两个指标优选特征子集,构建特征子集的评价准则,即遗传算法的适应度函数,如式(13)所示。
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