Curved bridges account for more than 45% of high-speed railway infrastructure, where the coupled effects of strong crosswinds and curve superelevation may significantly increase the risk of train overturning. However, the current specification Code for Design of High-Speed Railway (TB 10621—2014) only covers straight-line conditions and lacks supporting evidence in the frequency domain. A coupled dynamic model consisting of a three-car train, a 10 m-high viaduct, and a 150 mm superelevation was established. The Realizable k-ε turbulence model, together with a user-defined function (UDF) wind field, was employed to simulate aerodynamic loads at a train speed of 300 km/h, and the aerodynamic responses and spectral characteristics under steady crosswinds, random pulsating winds, and China-hat gusts were systematically investigated. The results indicate that when the wind acts from the inner side of the curve, the lateral force is reduced by 14.5%-15.4% compared with that on straight tracks, while the lift force shows a slight increase; nevertheless, the overturning coefficient is significantly increased by 33.07%-33.54%, primarily due to the variation in the aerodynamic lever arm. When the wind acts from the outer side of the curve, both the lateral force and lift force are increased by 12.6%-19.9% and 10.1%-16.6%, respectively. Frequency-domain analysis reveals that the energy of random pulsating winds is distributed over a broadband range of 0.33-8.49 Hz, dominating the low-frequency cumulative response, whereas the energy of China-hat gusts is mainly concentrated within 0.33-1.49 Hz; notably, the dominant frequency of the overturning moment is observed at 0.83 Hz, which is close to the natural frequency of the train-bridge system, thereby increasing the likelihood of transient resonance. At a wind speed of 25 m/s, China-hat gusts are found to induce the largest increase in the overturning coefficient to 33.54%, demonstrating the most significant transient impact effect among the considered wind types. This study fills the gap in frequency-domain analysis of curve-wind-superelevation coupling effects and provides a quantitative basis for dynamic speed limit design of high-speed trains operating in strong wind environments.
ZhaoJianye, ZouSimin, WeiXiaojun. Study on aerodynamic characteristics of vehicle-bridge system considering aerodynamic interference among vehicle, bridge and wind barrier[J]. Journal of the China Railway Society, 2025, 47(6): 188-195.
DuLiming, WangKai, WangXiuzhao. Aerodynamic interference mechanism of wind deflectors on high-speed trains under crosswind-curve superelevation coupling[J]. Journal of Railway Science and Engineering, 2025, 22(3): 588-600.
[13]
BaiY L, ZhangZ N, WangZ F, et al. Research on the dynamic response of high-speed trains under different curve radii caused by wind-sand flow[J]. Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics, 2024, 17(10): 2266-2281.
ZhangJie, YuYue, ZhangLiang, et al. Study on aerodynamic characteristics of two-dimensional high-speed train/bridge under pulsating wind field[J]. Journal of Railway Science and Engineering, 2024, 21(8): 3026-3037.
[16]
WangS P, DuL M, WangX Z, et al. Influence of wind-blown sand movement induced by downburst wind on aerodynamic characteristics of a train running on viaduct[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2025, 263: 106135.
[17]
MontenegroP A, BarbosaD, CarvalhoH, et al. Dynamic effects on a train-bridge system caused by stochastically generated turbulent wind fields[J]. Engineering Structures, 2020, 211: 110430.
WangJiao, DuLiming. Effect of cut depth on aerodynamic performance of high-speed trains under sudden wind[J]. Journal of Dalian Jiaotong University, 2022, 43(1): 21-26.
ZhouMeiji, DuLiming. Aerodynamic response of wind barriers under the coupling effect of Chinese hat-type sudden wind and train wind[J]. Journal of Dalian Jiaotong University, 2021, 42(3): 1-7.
XiaoYang, HeXuhui. CFD analysis of the evolution of three force coefficients of the vehicle-bridge system under sudden wind[J]. Journal of Railway Science and Engineering, 2025, 22(2): 723-733.
[24]
Aizpun-NavarroM, Sesma-GotorI. CFD analysis of the effect of crosswinds on ride comfort in high-speed trains running on curves[J]. Dyna, 2015, 82(194): 46-51.
WangXiwen, QiWenzhe, LiDecang, et al. Safety characteristics of high-speed train dynamics under random wind load[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2023, 23(23): 10085-10090.
YuMengge, ZhangJiye, ZhangWeihua. Operational safety of high-speed trains under strong crosswind on bridges[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2012, 48(18): 104-111.
[29]
ZhangY, LiL. Spatial gust impact analysis on safety and comfort of a train crossing cable-stayed bridge combining statistical method[J]. Journal of Central South University, 2022, 29(8): 2605-2620.
[30]
吕志恒. 下击暴流作用下桥上列车气动特性及行车安全性研究[D]. 长沙: 中南大学, 2023.
[31]
LüZhiheng. Study on aerodynamic characteristics and operational safety of trains on bridges under the effect of downbursts[D]. Changsha: Central South University, 2023.
[32]
XueR D, ChenG, XiongX H. Aerodynamic characteristics of the train under real wind gust[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2024, 36(9): 0222032.
[33]
SzudarekM, PiechnaA, PrusińskiP, et al. CFD Study of high-speed train in crosswinds for large yaw angles with RANS-based turbulence models including GEKO tuning approach[J]. Energies, 2022, 15(18): 6549.
[34]
ZhangY, LiL, ChenZ. Influence of fluctuating gust on metro train-bridge system with high piers[C]// Second International Conference on Rail Transportation. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2021: 111-119.
[35]
WangS P, DuL M, WangX Z, et al. Aerodynamic characterization and sensitivity study of train operation on viaduct under downburst wind-driven rain environment[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2025, 37(7): 0276937.
GaoGuangjun, ZhangPuyang, ShangWenfei, et al. Analysis of the influence of streamlined wind deflector plates on aerodynamic characteristics of high-speed trains[J]. Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), 2023, 54(9): 3708-3718.
Ministry of Railways of the People's Republic of China. Code for design of railway lines: TB 10082-2017[S]. Beijing: China Railway Publishing House, 2017.
[40]
XiaC, WangH F, ShanX Z, et al. Effects of ground configurations on the slipstream and near wake of a high-speed train[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2017, 168: 177-189.
WangShengnan, FuZhen, DuLiming. Aerodynamic characteristics of a 450 km/h high-speed train on an embankment based on the Q-criterion method[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025, 25(29): 12671-12680.