To study the failure rate of electrical components under the limitation of physical material properties, a factor influence analysis and control method was established. The physical limitations of electrical component failures were first discussed. Then, an analytical expression for the failure rate distribution was established, and the influence of factors on the failure rate was discussed. Finally, a failure rate control scheme was constructed. Based on the failure types and influencing factors of electrical components, a 12-dimensional factor space and an analytical expression for the failure rate distribution were constructed. The characteristics of the failure rate of electrical components were obtained by deriving the analytical expression. Temperature has an exponential effect on the failure rate, current density has a square effect, and electric field strength may also have an exponential effect in dielectric breakdown. Factors such as substrate current and humidity also have corresponding effects. Accordingly, a three-level failure rate control scheme was established, with the cost increasing and the effect decreasing in turn. Case studies obtained the influence of factors on components, and determined key failure rate change thresholds such as temperature 340 K and activation energy 0.6 eV. It provides a method for analyzing the failure characteristics of electrical components considering physical limitations.
CUI Tie-jun, XING Hui-yang, LI Sha-sha.
Analysis and Control of Failure Rate and Factor Influence of Electrical Components under Physical Limitations[J].
Science Technology and Engineering, 2026, 26(29): 12846-12853 DOI:10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2507763
电气元件的故障由物理材料特性与环境载荷的相互作用决定,其核心故障源于物理材料无法承受能量或物质作用的极限,明确这些物理限制是研究元件故障的关键。典型故障包括电迁移、腐蚀、热载流子效应和介质击穿,均与材料的物理化学极限相关,各类故障的演化具有独特物理机制。根据文献[6-8]给出的电气元件故障类型,包括电迁移故障、腐蚀故障、热载故障和介质击穿故障。并用平均失效前时间(mean time to failure,MTTF)量化电子元件失效过程。电迁移故障MTTFEM、腐蚀故障MTTFCOR、热载故障MTTFHCI和介质击穿故障MTTFTDDB如式(1)所示。
优先通过设计阶段的无/低成本措施(温度、电流、电场优化)实现高收益,再根据可靠性需求逐步叠加环境适配和工艺升级。消费级产品采用一级方案。工业/车规级产品采用一级二级方案叠加。航天级等高可靠场景采用一级、二级、三级方案叠加。三级故障率控制策略中,成本-效果量化数据均基于失效物理(physics of failure,PoF)理论共识、工业界可靠性优化实践及相关文献实验结论推导。①策略效果数据源于电迁移、热载流子效应、TDDB等失效机理的固有规律[6-7,13];②成本占比数据参考半导体制造与电力电子领域工程实践[6-7,12];③策略优先级契合优先通过设计降低故障率,再考虑工艺升级的原则[7],且与先控制可变因素,再优化固有属性的路径一致[12]。虽然上述量化数据为估算,但实现了对物理规律和工程实际的客观反映,完全可为电气元件的故障率控制提供工程指导,具备合理性与适用性。
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