To better address instable utility frequency of thermal power units in the background of fast new energy development, a primary frequency modulation control strategy was proposed for a parameter-adaptive and active-disturbance-rejection flywheel-thermal power hybrid system. First, a primary frequency modulation model for hybrid system was established. On this basis, a power distribution method was adopted for hybrid frequency modulation system based on non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III-variational mode decomposition. In this method, the adaptive non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III was employed to optimize the key influencing parameters of penalty factor and modal number, thereby enhancing the variational modal decomposition and preventing overfitting and underfitting. Secondly, to solve the problems of slow response and large overshoot in traditional PID control for flywheel energy storage applications, an improved parameter-adaptive and active-disturbance-rejection controller was developed. After adequate consideration of varying requirements for speed and precision control at different stages of primary frequency regulation, the observer and gain parameters of the active-disturbance-rejection controller were dynamically adjusted based on frequency deviation and the rate of change, which improved the frequency modulation of the hybrid system. Finally, simulation verification was performed on the MATLAB/Simulink. The results show that the proposed control strategy reduces the maximum frequency deviation by 7.23% and 5.79% in the step disturbance and random disturbance tests, respectively.
LI Wei-jing, YANG Xi-yun, ZHAO Ya, ZHANG Qi-liang.
Primary Frequency Regulation Strategy for Flywheel-thermal Power Combined System Based on Adaptive Active Disturbance Rejection Control[J].
Science Technology and Engineering, 2026, 26(28): 12217-12226 DOI:10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2507573
一次调频虽然时间尺度只有秒级,但仍然可以分为不同阶段,而每一个阶段对于控制器的要求有所不同。在一次调频响应初期,频率偏差小但频率变化率较大,因此控制器应该尽可能更快地提供较大的出力并可以允许造成一定超调以达到更好的调频效果;而在进入频率恢复阶段则要求控制器尽可能追踪目标减少超调量和稳态误差,以防止频率的二次跌落。对比PID,具有更强的鲁棒性和追踪给定值能力的ADRC更适合一次调频控制。对于ADRC来说,扩张状态观测器(extended state observer, ESO)是其核心。ESO的原理在于将作用在被控对象的各种内外部的扰动统一,并实时地估计扰动的大小和变化趋势,再通过控制器对扰动进行抵消,削弱各种扰动造成的影响。将原本复杂的系统变为简单的纯积分串联线性系统,搭配简单的比例控制器就可以实现优秀的追踪性能和抗干扰能力。在传统线性ESO的基础上引入基于Logistics回归函数的动态观测器增益因子,增强ADRC对于一次调频不同阶段的适应性,其ESO的动态方程为
LiMing, ChangYongkang, MaoYongtao, et al. Review and prospect of stability control techniques for grid-following/grid-forming converters in high-penetration renewable energy generation[J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2024, 50(11): 4773-4788.
ZhouYuanbing, ZhangShining, HouFangxin, et al. Analysis of carbon peaking in power sector and its impact on promoting whole-society carbon emissions reduction[J]. Electric Power, 2024, 57(9): 1-9.
ZhengXiaoliang, YangXiaoliang, LaiWenhao. Classification and research progress of new energy power generation forecasting methods[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2024, 24(34): 14503-14521.
WuShan, BianXiaoyan, ZhangJingxian, et al. A review of domestic and international auxiliary service market research aimed at enhancing the flexibility of new power systems[J]. Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2023, 38(6): 1662-1677.
HongFeng, DuHao, LiangLu, et al. Flywheel/lithium hybrid energy storage assisted thermal power AGC control strategy and application based on mode matching[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2026, 46(6): 2229-2240.
GuoQiang, ChenChongde, Hu Yang et al. Flywheel and lithium battery energy storage combined with photovoltaic power generation participating in primary frequency regulation control[J]. Proceedings of the CSU-EPSA, 2023, 35(11): 1-9.
[13]
JiW, HongF, ZhaoY, et al. Applications of flywheel energy storage system on load frequency regulation combined with various power generations: a review[J]. Renewable Energy, 2024, 223: 119975.
ChenHaisheng, LiHong, XuYujie, et al. Research progress on China’s energy storage technology in 2024[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(6): 2149-2192.
QiaoTianshu, LiangShuangyin, GuoPeng, et al. Simulation study on primary frequency regulation of pumped storage unit assisted by flywheel energy storage[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2024, 45(11): 619-626.
XuQingxiang, TengWei, QinRun, et al. Energy management and control strategy for grid-connected frequency regulation flywheel energy storage systems[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2025, 14(5): 2013-2022.
KongDean, LiangJiahao, QianBaiyun, et al. AGC control strategy for thermal power-flywheel energy storage interconnected power grid considering frequency stability performance[J]. Journal of Engineering for Thermal Energy and Power, 2025, 40(12): 119-131.
ChenBiao, WangWei, GaoSong, et al. Primary frequency regulation control strategy for flywheel-thermal power joint system based on fuzzy adaptive command decomposition[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2023, 47(19): 128-137.
XiaMeng, YuHuijun. Short-term power load forecasting based on VMD-IOOA-BIGRU model and error compensation[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025, 25(27): 11642-11650.
ZhangHaitao, LiWenjuan, Li Xuefeng etal. Photovoltaic power forecasting based on TPA-TCN model and variational modal decomposition[J]. Electrical Measurement & Instrumentation, 2024, 61(12): 156-163.
ZhouGang, HuangRui, LiuMouhai, et al. Short-term load forecasting based on variational mode decomposition and complex variable selection algorithm[J]. Electrical Measurement & Instrumentation, 2024, 61(2): 122-129.
[32]
XiangB, WuS, WenT, et al. Design, modeling, and validation of a 0.5 kWh flywheel energy storage system using magnetic levitation system[J]. Energy, 2024, 308: 132867.
LiXue, WangShuo, AiWensen, et al. Fire ventilation control in highway tunnels based on linear active disturbance rejection algorithm[J]. China Journal of Highway and Transport, 2025, 38(4): 186-200.
GuoChi, ChenMingxia, WuJunjie. ADRC tread coiling tension control system based on SOA optimization[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2024, 24(23): 9937-9946.
LinWangxuan, ChenYihao, ShiJiaheng, et al. Research on permanent magnet electrodynamic wheel motor based on improved active disturbance rejection control[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2026, 41(8): 2564-2577.
NongBaoxiang, YangChao, DuRenren, et al. Research on photovoltaic energy storage control strategy based on fuzzy self disturbance rejection[J]. Electric Power Science and Engineering, 2023, 39(3): 17-24.
[45]
IbrahimA W, FangZ J, CaiJ Q, et al. Fast DC-link voltage control based on power flow management using linear ADRC combined with hybrid salp particle swarm algorithm for PV/wind energy conversion system[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2024, 61: 688-709.
[46]
DebK, JainH. An evolutionary many-objective optimization algorithm using reference-point-based nondominated sorting approach, part I: solving problems with box constraints[J]. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 2013, 18(4): 577-601.
GaoZhongfeng, LiPinghua, QiaoQi, et al. Frequency splitting compensation of hemispherical resonator gyro based on NSGA-III[J]. Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, 2025, 46(3): 296-306.
TianYunfeng, GuoJiayang, LiuYongqi, et al. A mathematical model of rehear turbine for power grid stability calculation[J]. Power System Technology, 2007(5): 39-44.