The transport and placement of proppant significantly affect fracture conductivity and effectiveness. Influenced by reservoir heterogeneity and non-uniform distribution of net pressure within the fracture, the hydraulic fracture width gradually decreases from the fracture mouth to the tip, and the fracture propagation exhibits a certain degree of tortuosity. Addressing the issue that existing research is mostly based on parallel plate or single tortuous fracture models, which cannot truly reflect the coexistence of width attenuation along the fracture and spatial tortuosity, a complex fracture model incorporating both wedge-shaped contraction and multi-stage tortuosity features was constructed. Using the dense discrete phase model (DDPM), the limitations of traditional discrete phase models in handling high-concentration particle collision and accumulation behaviors were overcome, enabling accurate capture of flow separation and collision-accumulation phenomena of proppant within variable-cross-section tortuous channels. The study found that under the same conditions, when the fracture tortuosity angle is 0°, proppant transport and placement are better; when the tortuosity angle is 30°, proppant can still break through the tortuous position and migrate forward, but the suspension capacity is greatly reduced, forming a proppant bank; when the tortuosity angle is 60°, proppant struggles to pass the tortuous position and accumulates in front of it, forming a proppant bank; increasing injection rate, raising carrier fluid viscosity, and reducing proppant particle size all facilitate proppant breaking through the tortuous position and migrating deeper into the fracture; excessively high proppant concentration increases the risk of sand plugging—when the concentration increases from 5% to 15%, the height of the proppant bank formed by sedimentation increases by 1 630%, while proppant agglomerates in the suspension zone, hindering subsequent proppant entry into the fracture. The results of this study will provide theoretical support and guidance for the design and optimization of pumping schedules in field fracturing operations.
WANG Bo, SHENG Shao-peng, WANG Bo, XIN Xiao-zhi, SHI Xian, REN Shi-jun, ZHOU Fu-jian.
Proppant Transport in Wedged and Tortuous Fractures[J].
Science Technology and Engineering, 2026, 26(23): 9874-9884 DOI:10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2507052
支撑剂运移与铺置实验模型存在成本高昂、测量手段有限、模型灵活性不足等问题。数值模拟方法则具有成本低、数据完备、模型灵活度高等显著优势,既能精准捕捉颗粒与流体间的微观相互作用,又可高效开展裂缝迂曲角、缝宽变化、施工参数等方面的参数敏感性分析,是研究复杂裂缝内支撑剂运移规律的理想工具。当前主流数值模型主要分为欧拉-拉格朗日模型与欧拉-欧拉模型两类,前者将流体视为连续相、颗粒视为离散相,通过欧拉法计算流体运动,采用拉格朗日方法追踪颗粒运动轨迹;后者把流体和颗粒作为混合连续相进行计算,无法精确获取颗粒的运动轨迹。郭宇朦等[8]构建了“T”形、“X”形等复杂裂缝模型,进一步探究了支撑剂进入次生裂缝的机理及影响因素;Blyton等[9]、张国栋[10]利用耦合的CFD-DEM(computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method)代码模拟平面裂缝中支撑剂颗粒的运动,结果表明支撑剂浓度、支撑剂粒径与裂缝宽度之比决定了支撑剂与流体的相对速度;王雪飞等[11]发现,迂曲裂缝内支撑剂铺置距离随注入速度增大而延长,随压裂液砂比、支撑剂粒径增大而缩短;刘立[12]依据相似准则为砾岩储层水力压裂裂缝构建迂曲裂缝模型,研究分支缝存在时支撑剂在复杂迂曲裂缝中的运移规律,发现裂缝迂曲程度会降低缝内砂堤高度。
计算可得,本模型在设定参数下的 Re ≈1 500,处于层流至湍流的过渡区。参考典型现场压裂施工参数,其对应的 Re ≈1 000,属于层流范畴。尽管数值存在差异,但模型与现场工况的 Re 均远低于充分发展的湍流状态(Re>4 000),二者同属于以黏性力为主导的流动体系。因此,模型能够合理地复现现场条件下携砂液的流动特征。
将本模型模拟结果与Tong等[17]的物理实验结果、Hu等[18]的模拟结果进行对比。注入速度为0.3 m/s时,三种情况下支撑剂分布如图4所示,可以看出,支撑剂堆积体积相似,且本文模型能够捕捉支撑剂颗粒运移状态。同时为了便于进行直接与量化的跨研究对比,采用无量纲支撑剂运移长度(dimensionless proppant bank length,DPBL)和无量纲支撑剂砂堤高度[16](dimensionless proppant bank height,DPBH) 来量化裂缝中支撑剂铺置特征。
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