1 School of Mechatronics and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
2 School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
3 China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
4 China Academy of Aerospace Science and Innovation, Beijing 100048, China
Show less
文章历史+
Received
Published
Revised
2025-10-01
2026-09-08
2026-02-28
Online Date
2026-09-18
PDF (13295K)
摘要
在航天强国战略推动下,太空制造技术的重要性日益凸显,但制造过程中的振动问题严重影响产品质量,尤其在微重力环境下振动衰减率仅为地面的15%~30%,显著影响制造精度。对振动信号的采集、分析和去噪进行了综述。采集环节分为接触式与非接触式两类,后者通过激光测振等技术实现无干扰监测,更适用于精密制造场景。在信号分析中,时域、频域分析在捕捉复杂瞬态非线性特征时存在局限性,时频域分析通过小波变换等方法可有效表征信号时频特性。在去噪处理方面,传统滤波方法易损失细节,目前主流方式是与其他方法融合,通过时频分析与智能算法的结合,能在对混杂信号降噪的同时保留有效特征,如集合经验模态分解-核最小均方(ensemble empirical mode decomposition-kernel least mean square,EEMD-KLMS)去噪方法较传统经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition,EMD),信噪比(signal-to-noise ratio,SNR)提升至19.4 dB(通过EMD处理后的SNR仅16.4 dB)。最后,从实际出发,简述了工程中振动信号处理方法的应用情况,并展望了未来的发展方向。
Abstract
The advancement of China’s space power strategy has been recognized to underscore the critical significance of space manufacturing. However, product quality in this field is significantly undermined by manufacturing vibrations, which are more difficult to mitigate in microgravity environments, where the vibration attenuation rate is merely 15% to 30% of that on the ground. To address this problem, a comprehensive review of techniques for vibration signal acquisition, analysis, and denoising was presented. Signal acquisition methods were classified into contact and non-contact categories, with laser Doppler vibrometry identified as a core non-contact technology that enables non-intrusive monitoring and confers unique advantages on precision manufacturing. For signal analysis, conventional time-domain and frequency-domain methods are restricted in capturing nonlinear transient features, whereas time-frequency analysis techniques (e.g., wavelet transform) can effectively characterize such complex signal properties. In terms of denoising, traditional filtering methods were often associated with the loss of critical signal details. Consequently, a shift has been made in the current mainstream strategy toward hybrid methods integrating time-frequency analysis with intelligent algorithms. Effective noise reduction for complex signals was achieved by these hybrid approaches, with their key features preserved. For instance, a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 19.4 dB was achieved by the ensemble empirical mode decomposition-kernel least mean square (EEMD-KLMS) method, which represents a notable improvement over the 16.4 dB obtained by the conventional empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method. Finally, the practical engineering applications of these vibration signal processing methods were discussed, and promising future research directions were proposed.
GAO Zheng-yuan, WANG Hai-peng, LI Zheng-fang, SUN Peng-fei, AN Zhi-guo, ZHANG Yi, LI Jiang, REN Zhong.
Advances in Vibration Signal Analysis and Processing for Space Manufacturing[J].
Science Technology and Engineering, 2026, 26(25): 10678-10696 DOI:10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2507013
Wang等[27]提出的SVD-VMD方法融合奇异值分解(singular value decomposition,SVD)与VMD,通过SVD构建特征矩阵以确定模型结构,并利用VMD将信号自适应分解为有限带宽约束模态分量。通过判别准则筛选有效分量后,采用去噪信号重构技术实现信号增强。该方法的优势在于噪声抑制过程中能有效保留关键故障特征,但其计算效率受限于SVD在大规模矩阵分解中的高复杂度。Ma等[28]提出的同步样条核Chirp小波变换通过协同整合频率旋转解调与频移重采样运算,显著抑制了噪声对振动信号非平稳特性的干扰,增强了对时变故障特征的捕获能力。
Gu等[79]针对滚动轴承复合故障诊断中信号非平稳性、强噪声干扰及声振多模态信息互补问题,提出了一种改进的SE-ResNet声振融合诊断方法。该方法首先采用GS-SVR-EEMD混合降噪策略:利用网格搜索支持向量回归(grid search support vector regression,GS-SVR)优化端点延拓预测,结合汉宁窗抑制边界效应以提升EEMD的鲁棒性,并通过相关系数差异筛选有效IMF,再经SVD重构信号以显著抑制噪声。进而,通过低秩多模态融合技术建模声振信号间的跨模态相关性,以低计算复杂度融合互补信息,并利用马尔可夫转移场将降噪后的单模态信号编码为二维彩色图像以增强特征可辨识性。在分类阶段,通过在ResNet50网络中嵌入SE注意力模块,动态加权通道特征以强化故障敏感分量。实验基于QPZZ-II试验台的4种轴承状态数据验证:声振融合输入使SE-ResNet50的复合故障识别准确率达99.50%,较单振动信号提升0.47%,且收敛更快;网络计算效率优异,显著优于VGG-16。该方法通过“噪声抑制-跨模态融合-注意力增强”的协同优化,有效解决了复合故障特征耦合性强、诊断精度低的难题,为机床主轴系统轴承监测提供了高效解决方案。
于长帅等[80]针对航天器振动试验中螺栓连接结构易发生松动的问题,指出传统基于振动信号线性特征的监测方法对早期故障不敏感。为此,研究提出一种基于非线性输出频响函数(nonlinear output frequency response function,NOFRF)的状态监测方法。该方法直接利用振动试验中采集的输入、输出振动信号,通过数据驱动建模建立非线性有源自回归模型,并运用广义相关线性方程从中精确辨识出NOFRF。为提升监测鲁棒性,引入蒙特卡洛方法与移动数据窗口来量化振动信号中噪声对辨识过程带来的不确定性;同时,通过定义加权NOFRF指标,增强了从振动响应中提取微弱非线性特征的能力。实验验证表明,随着螺栓松动加剧,从振动信号中提取的线性NOFRF指标单调递减,非线性指标则单调递增,且其统计分布的标准差呈现上升趋势。相较于传统基于振动信号固有频率分析的方法及二倍频幅值比方法,该方法对早期螺栓松动表现出更高的灵敏度与可靠性,为基于振动信号分析的航天器连接结构健康监测提供了更有效的非线性工具。
WangGong, ZhaoWei, LiuYifei, et al. Current situation and prospect of space manufacturing technology[J]. Science China: Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy, 2020, 50(4): 95-105.
ZhangQi, LiuMing, ZhaoShaofan, et al. Current situation of on-orbit manufacturing and research on on-orbit manufacturing methods of metal materials[J]. Chinese Journal of Nature, 2023, 45(4): 247-257.
LuoHaitao, WuXingyuan, FuJia, et al. Active vibration suppression of solar wing panel based on piezoelectric fiber composite (MFC)[J]. Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 2020, 9 (6): 647-655.
JiangYouliang, MaXin, JiangYang, et al. Research on active disturbance rejection control of magnetic suspension microgravity vibration isolation system[J]. Electromechanical Engineering, 2024, 40(5): 45-53.
KongYongfang, HuangHai, LiQi. Low-order modal vibration suppression of payload based on stewart platform[J]. Optics and Precision Engineering, 2020, 28(11): 2507-2516.
[18]
祖梦硕. 新型磁性液体阻尼减振器的设计及实验研究[D]. 北京: 北京交通大学, 2020.
[19]
ZuMengshuo. Design and experimental study of a new magnetic fluid damping shock absorber[D]. Beijing: Beijing Jiaotong University, 2020.
[20]
ZhangS W, WangC M, ZhangY C, et al. Exploring the collision, acoustic and thermal energy dissipation distribution of discrete mass[J]. Scientific Reports, 2024, 14(1): 16726.
[21]
SackA, Windows-YuleK, HeckelM, et al. Granular dampers in microgravity: sharp transition between modes of operation[J]. Granular Matter, 2020, 22(2): 4442-4447.
[22]
KuangF, XiaY, ChengT, et al. Space electromagnetic interference analysis of secondary equipment signal cable[J]. E3S Web of Conferences, 2021, 237: 234325405.
[23]
JeffreyP, MangasaF S, PaulL, et al. Low-power electronic technologies for harsh radiation environments[J]. Nature Electronics, 2021, 4(4): 243-253.
[24]
MbowM M, GrandvalletC, VignatF, et al. Mathematization of experts knowledge: example of part orientation in additive manufacturing[J]. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 2021, 33(5): 1-19.
[25]
DongZ, WuG F, XuY D, et al. Knowledge-driven manufacturing process innovation: a case study on problem solving in micro-turbine machining[J]. Micromachines, 2021, 12(11): 1357.
AnJianbo, LiBo, TangShukai, et al. Design of multi-channel high-precision vibration signal acquisition system for CNC machine tools[J]. Modern Manufacturing Engineering, 2023(6): 138-143.
[28]
ButlerQ, ZiadaY, StephensonD G S A, et al. Condition monitoring of machine tool feed drives: a review[J]. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering: Transactions of the ASME, 2022, 144(10): 4054516.
XuShujian, WangQingfeng, LiuXiaojin, et al. Research on health-driven dynamic risk assessment method for oil refining equipment[J]. Industrial Safety and Environmental Protection, 2024, 50(9): 28-34.
WangTing, WangHonggang, MaChangxi, et al. Traffic state estimation based on physics-informed adaptive deep learning[J]. Journal of Lanzhou Jiaotong University, 2024, 43(4): 37-44, 97.
[33]
FabianP, CédricP, TimothyV, et al. Fleet-based early fault detection of wind turbine gearboxes using physics-informed deep learning based on cyclic spectral coherence[J]. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 2023, 185: 109760.
[34]
BadihiH. A comprehensive review on signal-based and model-based condition monitoring of wind turbines: fault diagnosis and lifetime prognosis[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2022, 110(6): 754-806.
QuHongquan, WeiBingbing, ZhangZheng, et al. Feature extraction method based on fdm energy entropy and its application in optical fiber vibration recognition[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2021, 58(7): 160-167.
[37]
YanS K, ChenF, YangJ, et al. A multistep prediction model for the vibration trends of hydroelectric generator units based on variational mode decomposition and stochastic configuration networks[J]. Sensors, 2023, 23(24): 9762.
[38]
AdhiB T, MalindaV, SeungchulL, et al. Recent advances in the application of deep learning for fault diagnosis of rotating machinery using vibration signals[J]. Artificial Intelligence Review, 2022, 56(5): 4667-4709.
WangHaibin. Denoising method for vibration signals of roller bearings in multi-drive belt conveyors[J]. Mechanical Management and Development, 2024, 39(8): 12-14, 17.
[41]
WangQ H, WangL J, NandiA, et al. Utilizing SVD and VMD for denoising non-stationary signals of roller bearings[J]. Sensors, 2021, 22(1): 195.
[42]
MaY B, LuY, YuanR, et al. Synchro spline-kernelled chirplet extracting transform: a useful tool for characterizing time-varying features under noisy environments and applications to bearing fault diagnosis[J]. Measurement, 2021, 181: 109574.
[43]
ShiZ J, YangX, LiY Y, et al. Wavelet-based synchroextracting transform: an effective TFA tool for machinery fault diagnosis[J]. Control Engineering Practice, 2021, 114: 104884.
[44]
WangH. Deep learning methods for vibration-based structural health monitoring: a review[J]. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology-Transactions of Civil Engineering, 2024, 48(4): 1837-1859.
[45]
PanX, LuJ Q, HuoJ J, et al. A review on self-recovery regulation (SR) technique for unbalance vibration of high-end equipment[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2020, 33(6): 1-23.
TangJia, WangYuguo, XieBin, et al. Research on information acquisition method for hybrid machining equipment management[J]. Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Technology, 2021, 50(1): 8-11.
YangLingyu, ZhaoBin, LuoMengmeng, et al. Modal analysis and experimental study of bolted metal diaphragm coupling[J]. Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, 2024, 41(11): 1935-1946.
[52]
LiuS, QiX, XingC, et al. Research on feature selection for AC contactor vibration signals based on regularized random forest with recursive selection[J]. PloS One, 2024, 19(9): e0310110.
LiYiming, DuDongmei. Research on multi-channel vibration signal acquisition based on ARM architecture[J]. Electric Power and Energy, 2021, 42(6): 660-663, 713.
FangChao, HuangYong, ZhangBing, et al. Research on laser vibrometry doppler signal simulation technology[J]. China Measurement & Test, 2024, 50(S1): 155-160.
XiaoTianxiang, ShiFei, YiXinhua, et al. Research on vibration characteristics of milling machine electric spindle based on laser vibrometry technology[J]. Chinese Journal of Construction Machinery, 2024, 22(2): 191-195.
ChenShengzhe, JingYanhong, RenNing, et al. Weak signal extraction technology of lidar for spacecraft vibration measurement[J]. Missiles and Space Vehicles, 2021(4): 113-116.
[66]
刘慧芳. 基于激光三角法的三维测量系统关键技术研究[D]. 太原: 中北大学, 2022.
[67]
LiuHuifang. Research on key technologies of 3D measurement system based on laser triangulation[D]. Taiyuan: North University of China, 2022.
[68]
PatrickK, LorenaB, MarkusA, et al. Optical setup for error compensation in a laser triangulation system[J]. Sensors, 2020, 20(17): 4949.
[69]
PengT, ZhangZ, ChenF, et al. Dimension measurement and key point detection of boxes through laser-triangulation and deep learning-based techniques[J]. Applied Sciences, 2020, 10(1): app10010026.
[70]
IldarR, Donald RM. RC, et al. A review of automation of laser optics alignment with a focus on machine learning applications[J]. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 2024, 173(2): 1-10.
[71]
SoaveE, D’ EliaG, MucchiE. A laser triangulation sensor for vibrational structural analysis and diagnostics[J]. Measurement and Control, 2020, 53(1/2): 73-82.
[72]
JingJ, LiuS, WangG, et al. Recent advances on image edge detection: a comprehensive review[J]. Neurocomputing, 2022, 503: 259-271.
PengCong, MiaoWeidong, ZengCong. 3D Vibration measurement method of light beam based on machine vision[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2021, 47(2): 207-212.
[75]
王威. 基于机器视觉的微小振动测量技术研究[D]. 成都: 电子科技大学, 2023.
[76]
WangWei. Research on micro-vibration measurement technology based on machine vision[D]. Chengdu: University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2023.
XiaXinfei, WangTong. Visual vibration measurement technology based on ellipse detection[J]. Machine Building & Automation, 2023, 52(3): 185-188.
[79]
LiuS, YuL, NiuW, et al. Fast and accurate visual vibration measurement via derivative-enhanced phase-based optical flow[J]. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 2024, 209: 111089.
ChenBin, QuanYuxuan, LiuGe, et al. Research on fault feature extraction of rotating equipment[J]. Machine Design & Research, 2024, 40(1): 190-199.
[84]
AnnaM, JacekW, MichałD, et al. Model of the vibration signal of the vibrating sieving screen suspension for condition monitoring purposes[J]. Sensors, 2020, 21(1): 213.
[85]
MuhammadA. A new statistical features based approach for bearing fault diagnosis using vibration signals[J]. Sensors, 2022, 22(5): 2012.
[86]
ZhangF Q, GuoJ, YuanF, et al. Research on denoising method for hydroelectric unit vibration signal based on ICEEMDAN-PE-SVD[J]. Sensors, 2023, 23(14): 6368.
JiangPeihe, GuoGang, WuZhongjie, et al. Vibration signal processing and sensor design based on IIS2DH[J]. Instrument Technique and Sensor, 2021(8): 116-121.
[89]
AnwarshaA, BabuT N. Recent advancements of signal processing and artificial intelligence in the fault detection of rolling element bearings: a review[J]. Journal of Vibroengineering, 2022, 24(6): 1027-1055.
[90]
ZainebA, KamelB. Fractional fourier transform, signal processing and uncertainty principles[J]. Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing, 2022, 42(2): 892-912.
[91]
LiL, YangY S, XuW X, et al. Advances in the multiphase vortex-induced vibration detection method and its vital technology for sustainable industrial production[J]. Applied Sciences, 2022, 12(17): 8538.
[92]
ChuL, LiQ, YangB, et al. Exploring the essence of compound fault diagnosis: a novel multi-label domain adaptation method and its application to bearings[J]. Heliyon, 2023, 9(3): e14545.
[93]
MaliukA S, ProsvirinA E, AhmadZ, et al. Novel bearing fault diagnosis using Gaussian mixture model-based fault band selection[J]. Sensors, 2021, 21(19): 6579.
DongXin, LiGuolong, HeKun, et al. Spectrogram wavelet threshold denoising and its application in vibration signal analysis of hob spindle[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2020, 56(11): 96-107.
[96]
ChenB, SongD, GuF, et al. A full generalization of the Gini index for bearing condition monitoring[J]. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 2023, 188: 109998.
[97]
AdrienM, BrunoT. Synthesis-based time-scale transforms for non-stationary signals[J]. Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis, 2023, 65: 112-136.
[98]
BaiY, ChengW, WenW, et al. Application of time-frequency analysis in rotating machinery fault diagnosis[J]. Shock and Vibration, 2023(2): 1-16.
[99]
ZhangW, ChenD, KongY. Self-supervised joint learning fault diagnosis method based on three-channel vibration images[J]. Sensors, 2021, 21(14): 4774.
[100]
HaoW P, ZhangP P, LiX, et al. Group-sparse feature extraction via ensemble generalized minimax-concave penalty for wind-turbine-fault diagnosis[J]. Sustainability, 2022, 14(24): 16793.
LiMengyuan, YangJianwei, YaoDechen, et al. Bearing fault diagnosis method based on adaptive resonance demodulation of whale optimization algorithm[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2023, 23(9): 3723-3729.
[103]
GuoC, WangQ. Laser self-mixing interference displacement signal filtering method based on empirical mode decomposition and wavelet threshold[J]. Measurement Science and Technology, 2024, 35(4): 45201.
[104]
CaoW, ZhaoL, LiZ, et al. Fault location study of overhead line-cable lines with branches[J]. Processes, 2023, 11(8): 2381.
XuCuifeng, WangShao, JingYapeng, et al. Damage location of steel plate components based on vibration signal denoising[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2021, 21(22): 9440-9446.
ZengKejun, ZhangHuijuan, ZhaoShuyuan. Application of noise cancellation method combined with EEMD in telemetry vibration signal denoising[J]. Ordnance Industry Automation, 2024, 43(6): 15-20.
[109]
ShenB B. Adaptive temporal-spatial pyramid variational autoencoder model for multirate dynamic chemical process soft sensing application[J]. ACS OMEGA, 2024, 9(21): 23021-23032.
[110]
KountaC A K A, ArnaudL, FoguemB K, et al. Deep learning for the detection of machining vibration chatter[J]. Advances in Engineering Software, 2023, 180: 103456.
[111]
LiangT. Application of parameter optimized variational mode decomposition method in fault feature extraction of rolling bearing[J]. Entropy, 2021, 23(5): 520.
ZhangJing, JiJunqing, XuTongle, et al. A bearing fault diagnosis method based on parameter optimization of variational mode decomposition[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2021, 21(9): 3601-3605.
[114]
GuX, TianY, LiC, et al. Improved SE-ResNet acoustic-vibration fusion for rolling bearing composite fault diagnosis[J]. Applied Sciences, 2024, 14(5): 2182.
YuChangshuai, LuoHaitao, LuoZhong, et al. Application of nonlinear output frequency response function in bolt loosening condition monitoring[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2025, 61(17): 124-136.
[117]
XuM J, WangJ H, MoJ H, et al. Single-channel blind signal separation of the MHD linear vibration sensor based on singular spectrum analysis and fast independent component analysis[J]. Sensors, 2022, 22(24): 9657.
ChenJizhe, ZhangHaiying. A micro-vibration signal processing method for spacecraft based on SGHT[J]. Journal of Vibration, Measurement & Diagnosis, 2023, 43(6): 1073-1080.
HeXianguang, ShenFei, XieJunyan. Data processing method of laser vibration measurement signal based on improved empirical mode decomposition[J]. Spacecraft Environment Engineering, 2024, 41(3): 363-372.