1 Power China Kunming Engineering Corporation Limited, Kunming 650051, China
2 School of Hydrology and Water Resources, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
3 Key Laboratory of Hydrometeorological Disaster Mechanism and Warning of Ministry of Water Resources, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
4 Xishan District Meteorological Bureau of Kunming City, Kunming 650051, China
The establishment and solution methods for the assessment model of runoff high-low flow compensation in inter-basin water diversion projects, based on the Copula function, were summarized. The calculation and application of the assessment indicators for runoff high-low flow compensation were also summarized. The conclusions are as follows: existing research primarily focuses on establishing two-dimensional Copula function assessment models using runoff or precipitation data from a single water source area and a single water receiving area of a diversion project. The correlation index method and the maximum likelihood method were commonly used to fit parameters, with the Clayton, Frank, and Gumbel Copula functions identified as the most applicable distributions. The high-low flow encounter probabilities under nine combined scenarios (high-normal-low) were calculated based on runoff series classified by the assurance rate method. The high-low flow compensation capability was quantitatively assessed by the combined probabilities of synchronous/asynchronous high-low flows and favorable/unfavorable conditions for water diversion. It is determined that major water diversion projects in China, such as the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the Hanjiang-to-Weihe River Water Diversion Project, and the Central Yunnan Water Diversion Project, all possess a certain degree of high-low flow compensation capacity. Recommendations are proposed as follows: the free and open-source Copula toolbox MhAST is suggested for parameter fitting and uncertainty analysis of two-dimensional Copula functions. The anomaly percentage method is employed to classify the flood and drought levels of runoff sequences, ensuring the obtained probabilities of flood-drought occurrences, synchronous and asynchronous flood-drought combinations, and favorable versus unfavorable water transfer combinations can clearly express the compensation relationship between water source and receiving regions. The high-high encounter event should be regarded as a favorable condition for water diversion, and its occurrence probability should be incorporated into the combined probability of favorable diversion.
YAO Fei, ZHANG Dan-yi, CHEN Ping, GAO Pei, HU Xian-qun, YANG Xiu-qin.
Progress of Compensatory Assessment of Runoff Abundance and Depletion in Water Diversion and Transfer Project Based on Copula Function[J].
Science Technology and Engineering, 2026, 26(17): 7111-7122 DOI:10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2506858
因为径流量和降水量均能在一定程度代表区域水资源量的丰枯水平,所以现有研究在作引调水工程径流丰枯补偿性评估时既可以使用水文站实测径流数据[18,26,32,39],也可以使用气象站实测降水数据[26-27,40,42]或第五代欧洲中期天气预报中心再分析数据集(European centre for medium-range weather forecasts reanalysis v5,ERA5)等再分析降水数据[34],受人类活动等因素影响,若实测数据的一致性遭到破坏,则需要进行非一致性条件下的径流丰枯补偿性评估[20,26,48-50]。此外,也有学者使用第六次国际耦合模式比较计划(coupled model intercomparison project phase 6,CMIP6)中不同排放情景下的未来降水数据分析气候变化对引调水工程径流丰枯补偿能力的影响[19,35,44,48]。为建模方便,本研究不再严格区分径流量和降水量,而统称为“径流序列”。
现有研究在引调水工程径流丰枯补偿性评估中使用较多的边缘分布有P-Ⅲ、Gamma、Gumbel、Gaussian、Normal、LogNormal、Logistics、Weibull和GEV等[8-9,14,51],使用极大似然法[14,18,39]和线性矩法[35]对边缘分布进行参数估计,通过Kolmogorov-Smirnov(K-S)法进行显著性水平为5%的拟合优度检验,综合比较离差平方和(ordinary least squares,OLS)、赤池信息准则(Akaike information criterion,AIC)、贝叶斯信息准则(Bayesian information criterion,BIC)和均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)等拟合优度评价指标中的一个或多个得到最优边缘分布函数及其参数取值[3,14,18,20,32,39,57]。
针对二维Copula函数参数估计中存在的不足,建议使用Sadegh等[60-61]提供的免费开源Copula函数工具箱MhAST,其不仅开发了可视化界面方便用户快速上手,还公开了所有源代码方便使用者做定制化开发。MhAST使用基于贝叶斯框架的蒙特卡罗混合进化算法(Markov Chain Monte Carlo,MCMC)拟合Gaussian、t Copula、Clayton、Frank、Gumbel、AMH、Joe、Farlie-Gumbel-Morgenstern(FGM)、Gumbel-Barnett、Plackett、Cuadras-Auge、Raftery、Shih-Louis、Linear-Spearman、Cubic、Burr、Nelsen、Galambos、Marshall-Olkin、Fischer-Hinzmann、Roch-Alegre、Fischer-Kock、BB1、BB5和Tawn等25种Copula函数,并通过极大似然值(M_L)、AIC、BIC、RMSE和NSE等拟合优度评价指标选出最优Copula函数,得到Copula函数参数估计值及其95%置信度下的置信区间,MhAST已在参数拟合精度、模型不确定分析和计算结果合理性分析等方面表现出优异性能[52,60-64]。
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