1 School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
2 Laboratory of Technology and Equipment of Tianjin Urban Air Transportation System, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
3 Research Institute of Science and Technology Innovation, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
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文章历史+
Received
Published
Revised
2025-08-06
2026-07-28
2026-01-14
Online Date
2026-08-14
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摘要
针对城市环境障碍物密集、结构复杂且具有动态变化的特点,评估不同感知识别技术与路径规划算法的性能,构建一套无人机自主避障优化设计方法,保障无人机在城市环境中的安全运行。首先对视觉传感器、毫米波雷达和激光雷达这三类感知识别技术的原理、性能与适用场景进行分析比较。随后选取A*算法、快速扩展随机树(rapidly-exploring random tree,RRT)算法与蚁群算法作为代表性路径规划方法,在MATLAB中构建障碍物环境,设计综合评价函数,对三种算法在静态环境下进行对比仿真;进一步对RRT算法在动态障碍物场景下进行仿真。通过静态环境仿真,验证了三种算法的可行性,并且其中A*算法综合表现最优,RRT算法耗时最短。动态环境仿真进一步验证了RRT算法的实时性。城市无人机避障需采用多传感器融合以提升环境感知准确性并采用分层路径规划策略以兼顾性能和效率。
Abstract
Given the characteristics of dense obstacles, complex structures, and dynamic changes in urban environments, it is necessary to evaluate the performance of different perception and recognition technologies and path planning algorithms, and develop a set of optimized design methods for autonomous obstacle avoidance by drones to ensure their safe operation in urban environments. Firstly, the principles, performance, and applicable scenarios of three types of perception and recognition technologies, namely visual sensors, millimeter-wave radar, and lidar, were analyzed and compared. Subsequently, A*, RRT, and the ant colony algorithm were selected as representative path planning methods. An obstacle environment was constructed in MATLAB, and a comprehensive evaluation function was designed to conduct comparative simulations of the three algorithms in a static environment. Furthermore, the RRT algorithm was simulated in a dynamic obstacle scenario. Through static environment simulations, the feasibility of the three algorithms was verified, with the A* algorithm demonstrating the best overall performance and the RRT algorithm having the shortest computation time. Dynamic environment simulations further verify the real-time performance of the RRT algorithm. For urban drone obstacle avoidance, multi-sensor fusion is required to improve the accuracy of environmental perception, and a hierarchical path planning strategy is adopted to balance performance and efficiency.
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