A three-dimensional non-isothermal viscoelastic droplet impacting onto solid wall was numerically simulated using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method, in which the elastic stress of the fluid was characterized by the Phan-Thien-Tanner (PTT) constitutive model. To suppress tensile instability, an artificial stress term was introduced. GPU parallel computing was employed to improve the computational efficiency of the 3D simulations. The accuracy and validity of the proposed SPH method were verified through simulations of two benchmark cases: a two-dimensional non-isothermal Poiseuille flow and a three-dimensional isothermal droplet impact on a solid wall, with results compared against those from other numerical methods. Based on this validation, the 3D non-isothermal droplet impact process was further investigated. The convergence and parallel performance of the method were assessed, and the effects of initial droplet temperature, temperature-dependent parameters, and other physical properties on the spreading dynamics were analyzed. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed SPH approach can accurately and efficiently simulate complex 3D non-isothermal viscoelastic droplet impact phenomena, offering valuable insights for related applications.
目前,已有研究采用基于网格的数值方法模拟该问题,如有限体积法(Rath等[6]、庄昕等[7])、有限差分法(Sharma等[8])和有限元法(Venkatesan等[9]、李烨波等[10])。以上方法发展较为成熟,但在处理涉及自由面剧烈变形问题时,通常需要引入复杂的界面追踪技术[如VOF(volume of fluid)、level set)],其实现流程相对繁琐,且在大变形情况下可能面临网格畸变带来的数值不稳定问题。
光滑粒子流体动力学(smoothed particle hydrodynamics,SPH)方法是一种拉格朗日性质的无网格方法[11]。与基于网格的数值方法相比,SPH方法在计算过程中不依赖任何网格,能够有效避免因网格变形带来的数值不稳定问题。在模拟自由表面流动以及大变形问题时具有天然优势,无需引入额外的界面捕捉技术。此外,基于粒子的离散化特性,SPH方法更加适合并行化,每个粒子可独立携带多种物理量,便于构建多物理场耦合模型而不依赖复杂的全局网格拓扑。得益于上述特点,SPH方法已在众多科学与工程领域得到广泛应用。在海洋工程领域,Ramezanzadeh等[12]采用弱可压缩SPH方法模拟了浮体结构在海洋环境下的运动响应,为波浪能装置与离岸结构优化提供了可靠数值工具。在岩土力学领域,张高峰等[13]提出FEM(finite element method)-SPH耦合算法,揭示了岸坡与桥梁桩基的相互作用致损机理,为库区工程结构的安全防护提供了理论依据。在爆炸物理领域,Kim等[14]模拟了核反应堆腔室外部蒸汽爆炸的冲击波传播与结构效应,为核反应堆安全评估提供了关键技术支持。在流固耦合领域,Guo等[15]建立的SPH多相流模型有效缓解了大密度比多相流中的界面非物理间隙问题,并应用于楔形体入水等多相流固耦合场景的精准模拟。
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