The study of compacted deformation and void evolution in broken rock masses is considered highly important for goaf stability control, safe resource extraction, and geological disaster prevention. The broken rock masses from the caved zone of the 10806 fully mechanized mining face in Erhai Coal Mine were taken as the research object. Indoor physical simulation methods were used. Uniaxial compression tests were conducted with different particle size distributions (0~2 cm, 2~4 cm, 4~6 cm, 6~8 cm, 8~10 cm, and mixed gradation). The tests were performed using an electro~hydraulic servo universal testing machine combined with an acoustic emission monitoring system. The compacted deformation characteristics and void evolution laws of the broken rock masses in the caved zone were systematically investigated.The compression process of broken rock masses is divided into a rapid compression stage (loading time < 400 s) and a deceleration stage (400~900 s). In the initial stage, the compression amount is found to account for more than 74% of the total deformation. The void ratio decrease is observed to be 30% to 39%.Particle size distribution is shown to significantly affect compression characteristics. For coarse particles (8~10 cm), due to fewer contact points and lower friction resistance, the compression amount is increased by 34% to 51% compared to fine particles (0~2 cm). The void ratio of the mixed gradation (0~10 cm) is eventually stabilized at 25% due to void filling by fine particles, which was 6% lower than that of the single coarse particle group.It is indicated by acoustic emission monitoring that, except for the 0~2 cm group, the acoustic emission energy of other groups is observed to exhibit a “first increase then decrease” trend. This trend is correlated with particle crushing in the rapid compaction stage and a friction-dominated mechanism in the slow compaction stage.The nonlinear relationship between “particle size-compression amount-void ratio” and the acoustic emission damage evolution mechanism in broken rock masses is revealed by the research results. A theoretical basis is provided for the timing selection of slurry filling in goafs and stability control.
LI Zheng-long, LIU Ping, QIU Yue-qin, HAN Sen, LIU Zhen-zhi, WEN Lin-hai, LIU Jie, CHEN Rui.
Consolidation Deformation and Pore Evolution of Fractured Rock Masses in Collapse Zones[J].
Science Technology and Engineering, 2026, 26(26): 11244-11255 DOI:10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2504792
进入增速放缓阶段(第 Ⅱ 阶段,400 s之后),随着加载时间的延续,压缩量的增速逐渐放缓。对于粗粒组(如 8~10 cm 组),这主要是因为在荷载持续作用下,颗粒间的接触点出现应力集中,部分颗粒发生破碎,同时颗粒骨架结构不断调整以重新分布荷载;而细粒组(如 0~2 cm 组)则是颗粒逐渐密实,颗粒间可供滑动重排的空间显著减小,进一步压缩的难度增大,从而导致压缩量的增长速率降低。
试验数据显示,所有组别在初始压实阶段(第Ⅰ阶段)的压缩量占总压缩量的比例均超过 74%,其中 4~6 cm 组的占比最为显著,达到 85.7%。这一结果充分揭示了第Ⅰ阶段在空隙结构调整与颗粒重排过程中的核心作用。在此阶段,颗粒介质通过快速压实实现了空隙网络的显著优化,具体表现为破碎岩体空隙率的急剧下降(降幅为30%~39%)。
3.2 终止荷载下的压缩量对比
如图5所示,破碎岩体的力学响应与颗粒级配特征之间存在显著的非线性关联,其中颗粒粒径分布是调控压缩位移响应的关键因素,二者呈现出明确的粒径-位移正相关规律。在相同的 90 kN 终止荷载条件下,2~10 cm 组的最大压缩位移相较于细颗粒组(0~2 cm)提升了 34%~51%。这一现象可归因于粗颗粒接触面积的几何缩减效应:随着颗粒粒径增大,颗粒间的有效接触点减少,导致摩擦阻力降低,同时大尺度颗粒的重分布自由度增加,引发骨架重构的位移累积效应。
值得关注的是,0~2 cm 细颗粒组展现出了最优的承载性能,其最大位移量均值较粗颗粒组降低了 34%。这主要得益于细颗粒间形成的紧密咬合结构,显著提升了岩体骨架的协同承载能力。对于混合粒径岩体(如 0~10 cm 组),其位移响应呈现出典型的过渡性特征,0~10 cm混合组最大压缩量为72.0 mm,相较于0~2 cm单一粒径组(61.1 mm)有所提升,但显著低于同粒径段纯组。此现象表明,0~2 cm细颗粒通过充填混合组中粗颗粒(>2 cm)间的空隙,优化了级配分布,进而增强颗粒间摩擦咬合作用。该机制不仅提升了岩体骨架的结构稳定性,还通过多尺度颗粒协同承载效应,显著抑制了单一粒径组因局部应力集中导致的过度变形。
在加载后期,不同分组的空隙率分别趋于稳定在不同数值。其中,0~2 cm 破碎岩体组空隙率趋近于 28%,8~10 cm 破碎岩体组降至31%,混合组(0~10 cm)为 25%。这一结果表明,细颗粒对空隙的填充更为高效,能够更好地填充粗颗粒间的空隙,从而使整体颗粒间的空隙减小,进而降低空隙率。
此外,0~10 cm 组的压缩量及空隙率变化并非各细分组的简单平均,这一现象体现了多粒径共存时的尺寸耦合效应。在加载过程中,细颗粒不断填充粗颗粒间的空隙,促使空隙率下降;而粗颗粒则起到维持结构稳定性的作用,抑制了过度变形。二者相互作用,共同影响着破碎岩体的压缩特性和空隙率变化。进一步分析发现,细颗粒的空隙填充作用对浆体渗流特性具有显著影响。当细颗粒含量过高时,会导致空隙率减小,进而使浆体渗透系数下降。这一结果表明,在充填工程中,必须严格控制浆体充填的时间节点,以防止破碎岩体因过度压实而破坏,导致可供充填的空隙空间减小。
为提升声发射信号采集质量,基于声发射信号衰减理论对传感器间距进行了优化设计。试验前,将声发射传感器保护头垂直安装于缸筒外侧,该布置方式有助于提高监测系统的测量精度。在传感器固定过程中,采用 AB 胶进行粘结固定,并在保护头与传感器接触部位均匀涂抹工业凡士林,以此确保传感器与试件之间实现良好的声耦合效果。在试样装填环节,为降低缸筒内壁与破碎岩体颗粒间的摩擦干扰,每次装料前均需在缸筒内壁均匀涂抹润滑油;为防止细小颗粒漏失导致试验误差,于缸筒底部安置直径 120 mm 的圆形底座。装料时,先对破碎岩体进行精确称重并充分混合,再通过分层轻振的方式将其装填至缸筒内,有效减少人为操作引入的误差。
值得注意的是,0~2 cm 粒径组的破碎岩体因其颗粒粒径较小,在外部压力作用下,颗粒主要以滑移充填的方式填充空隙空间。直至空隙被完全填满后,颗粒间才开始出现相互挤压破碎现象,此时表现出声发射能量显著增强,能量变化剧烈且持续时间较长的特征。
声发射振铃计数作为表征材料实时损伤剧烈程度的重要参数,能够有效反映破碎岩体内部损伤演化过程。通过对试验数据的量化分析发现,不同粒径级配的破碎岩体在压缩加载过程中,其声发射振铃计数及能量参数呈现显著差异性特征。具体表现为:0~2 cm 粒径组试样的振铃计数峰值达 6.9×106次,能量峰值为 3.1×107 J;2~4 cm 粒径组峰值分别为 799 次与 3.2×104 J;4~6 cm 组为7 188 次与 1.4×105 J;6~8 cm 组为7 527 次与 1.7×105 J;8~10 cm 组为8 100 次与2×105 J;0~10 cm 混合粒径组则为 6.7×104次与 3.1×105 J。
从参数对比来看,振铃计数峰值序列表现为:0~2 cm 粒径组>0~10 cm 混合组>2~4 cm 组>4~6 cm 组>6~8 cm 组>8~10 cm 组;能量峰值序列呈现完全一致的递减规律,即 0~2 cm 粒径组试样的能量释放强度显著高于其他粒径组别,且两者均以 0~2 cm 粒径组为极值点形成特征性的参数分布梯度。这种差异反映出细粒径破碎岩体在压缩过程中呈现出独特的损伤演化机制,其异常高值的振铃计数与能量释放,与颗粒间接触模式及空隙结构的动态调整过程存在直接关联性。
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