1 College of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum(Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
2 Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization and Storage of Carbon Dioxide, China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay, Karamay 834000, China
3 College of Petroleum, China University of Petroleum-Beijing at Karamay, Karamay 834000, China
4 SINOPEC Research Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Beijing 102206, China
In the process of CO2 geological storage, the pore pressure of the formation will increase, which may induce CO2 to flow along the bonding surface and threaten the safety of the wellbore. At present, the research on the formation pressure response in the process of CO2 injection pays more attention to the sealing potential of the reservoir and the sealing performance of the cap rock, and the influence of reservoir pressure accumulation on the interface debonding is not considered when analyzing the risk of bonding surface channeling. Taking the Ordos onshore saline aquifer storage project as an example, combined with the actual engineering geological parameters, a dynamic response analysis model of formation pressure for CO2 geological storage was established, and the dynamic response law of formation pressure was analyzed. On this basis, the risk analysis model of channeling at the second bonding surface was constructed. The risk coefficient of channeling was used as the basis for evaluating the risk of channeling at the second bonding surface. The sensitivity analysis of reservoir thickness, permeability and injection rate was carried out, and the main factors affecting the accumulation of formation pressure and channeling at the second bonding surface during CO2 injection were clarified. The results show that the formation pressure at the injection point will rise rapidly at the initial stage of injection, and then decreases rapidly and then decreases slowly until the minimum maintenance pressure is reached, and the pressure decreases rapidly after the injection stops. The peak formation pressure and maintenance pressure are linearly positively correlated with the injection rate, and nonlinearly negatively correlated with the reservoir thickness and permeability. The weight of the influencing factors affecting the accumulation of formation pressure and the channeling of the second bonding surface is reservoir permeability, injection rate and reservoir thickness in turn. It is recommended that the CO2 geological storage project should select the layer with permeability≥10 mD and thickness≥30 m when optimizing the injection target layer, and ensure that the injection rate of a single layer does not exceed 6 kg/s during the CO2 injection process. The research can provide reference for the site selection and layer selection and injection scheme design of CO2 geological storage project in China.
WANG Neng-hao, LIAN Wei, LI Jun, LI Jia-qi, TAO Qian, LI Mei-jun.
Optimization of Engineering Geological Parameters of CO2 Geological Storage Based on the Risk of Channeling at the Second Bonding Surface[J].
Science Technology and Engineering, 2026, 26(12): 5051-5062 DOI:10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2504632
自工业革命以来,碳排放问题日益严峻。CO2等温室气体的大量排放导致全球变暖,极端气候事件频发,对自然生态系统构成了严重威胁[1]。截至2025年,全球已有165个国家提出了碳中和或净零排放目标,52个国家将其写入了政策文件, 124个国家发布了国家层面的实施计划[2],代表性政策包括欧盟的“欧洲绿色新政”(European Green Deal)[3]及美国的《通胀削减法案》(Inflation Reduction Act)、日本的“绿色增长战略”[4]。作为全球最大的碳排放国,中国于2020年正式提出“双碳”目标,即力争在2030年前实现二氧化碳排放达峰,2060年前实现碳中和[5]。
碳捕集、利用与封存(carbon capture, utilization and storage,CCUS)技术是实现碳中和目标的关键技术路径之一[6],尤其在难以通过直接减排实现碳中和的工业领域(如钢铁、水泥、化工等)具有不可替代性。联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,IPCC)《全球升温1.5 ℃特别报告》指出,在将全球升温幅度控制在1.5℃以内的几乎所有情景中,CCUS技术均被列为必要减排手段[7]。CO2地质封存作为CCUS技术的核心环节,指将CO2注入地下咸水层、废弃油气藏或深部不可开采煤层等地质结构中,利用地层的自然封闭能力实现CO2的永久封存[8]。然而,在全球范围内部分CO2地质封存项目已监测到泄漏风险。例如,2011年加拿大Weyburn-Midale碳捕集与封存(carbon capture and storage,CCS)项目监测发现,部分封存的CO2通过断层裂隙迁移至地表,导致周边农场土壤CO2浓度异常[9];2012年中国神华鄂尔多斯CCS项目MW2监测井也检测到CO2浓度异常波动,表明存在局部泄漏风险[10]。有研究指出,CO2的泄漏通道可归纳为沿井筒泄漏、盖层渗透与扩散、断层泄漏。其中,通过优选储盖层组合可有效降低CO2沿盖层及断层泄漏的风险,而井筒由于存在潜在的窜流通道,被认为是CO2泄漏的主要路径[11]。德国Ketzin试验场开展CO2注入过程中,井口出现了明显的环空带压,分析认为是胶结面剥离导致CO2沿微环隙窜流[12]。进一步研究表明,CO2注入使地层产生的压力累积是导致高压流体侵入胶结面并向上窜流的重要原因。此外,油田现场多以现有的老井为基础开展地质封存项目,老井经过多年服役后受腐蚀、温度压力交变、地层应力变化等影响,存在井筒密封性能减退的现象,导致CO2沿井筒窜流的风险更大[13-14]。因此,有必要研究CO2注入导致的地层压力累积对井筒密封完整性的影响,量化不同工程地质参数条件下对CO2沿固井胶结面窜流的风险。
中外研究者对CO2地质封存过程中的地层压力累积效应与井筒界面窜流问题开展了系列研究。王展鹏等[15]分析了CO2注入引起的压力累积、压力传导等地层响应特征,认为压力累积是限制封存容量和封存安全性的主要因素。Pavan等[16]研究了CO2注入过程中的储层压力响应特征,认为孔隙压力受渗透率和注入速率影响较大。Wang等[17]考虑CO2物理束缚及溶解扩散机制的影响,对CO2注入及封存过程中的地层压力演化进行了分析,结果表明注入速率、储层厚度、储层渗透率对地层压力累积的影响较大。谢健等[18]基于夹杂理论和格林函数方法,分析了多断裂切穿型含水层封存条件下的地质力学响应,结果表明,高注入速率下的压力累积更为显著,CO2连续注入100年后,储层中心的压力累积增幅可达42 MPa。马鑫等[19]通过数值模拟开展了场地尺度CO2强化深部咸水开采(CO2 enhanced water recovery,CO2-EWR)技术潜力研究,结果表明,CO2累计注入量与储层平均压力呈正相关,采用CO2强化深部咸水开采技术可使储层平均压力降低约15%。在井筒密封完整性方面,Dou等[20]考虑了CO2注入可能导致的井筒完整性问题,基于断裂准则对水泥结构裂纹缺陷引起的失效进行了判别,分析了温度及压力条件、水泥环热力学参数等对裂纹扩展的影响。Reppas等[21]使用双孔隙度有限元模型计算了井筒周围岩石的孔隙压力,分析了不同深度条件下CO2注入压力对井筒完整性的影响,认为孔隙压力可能引发裂缝的扩展,但随着CO2填充孔隙,裂缝内压力趋于稳定。杨广国等[22]通过实验研究了周期性套管内压对水泥环密封失效的影响,结果表明考虑地层岩石约束时,水泥环更倾向于发生塑性屈服破坏并产生微环隙。Yan等[23]建立了三维有限元模型,模拟了固井第一、二界面脱黏及扩展过程,量化了脱黏长度、宽度及其对裂缝扩展的影响。王涛等[24]基于连续-非连续单元法,建立了含砾石二维流-固耦合裂缝扩展模型,结果表明砾石影响下裂缝扩展会憋压形成“高压区”,其促进了局部微裂缝的扩展。Lai等[25]研究了固井界面裂缝扩展的影响因素,认为水泥环的弹性模量、水平应力差对界面裂纹扩展的影响较大。研究者们从地层压力累积、胶结面脱黏判定和裂纹扩展的长度、宽度及速率等方面对CO2注入导致的地层压力响应及固井界面裂纹扩展进行了分析,但针对CO2注入过程中地层压力响应的研究多关注储层的封存潜力及盖层的封闭性能,而压力累积对固井界面密封完整性的影响研究较为匮乏。此外,研究者们针对固井界面裂纹扩展的研究,多关注井筒组合体的热力学参数、温度及压力条件等,CO2注入导致的压力累积对固井界面裂纹扩展方面的研究涉及较少。
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