To address the challenges such as invisibility of the underground environment and the unclear spatial relationships of adjacent pipelines encountered during emergency excavation for buried pipeline leakage repair, a method was proposed to construct the three-dimensional underground space by multi-source data fusion technique. Various data acquired from in-line and external inspection technologies were classified, formatted and integrated firstly. Through spatial coordinate transformation and mileage interpolation algorithms, the data were converted into visualizable spatial features. In the following, an integrated pipeline modeling approach was developed based on centerline coordinates, enabling accurate construction of straight segments and bends. Meanwhile, a library of typical defect and pipeline appurtenance models was established, and an adaptive construction algorithm driven by spatial geometric constraints was proposed to achieve precise positioning and automated pose adjustment of defects and appurtenances. Finally, typical service scenarios such as grassland, desert, and river crossings were incorporated, and a three-dimensional visualization platform was developed, featuring viewpoint control, interactive defect information display, and soil-profile and transparency adjustment. The platform features clear visualization of adjacent pipelines, pipeline-soil spatial relationships, and defect characteristics, providing technique support during emergency leak excavation operations of buried pipelines and pipeline integrity management.
LIU Xin, TANG Yu, LI Jian-jun, ZENG Qing-cheng, LIN Dong, SHU Jie, TU Sheng-wen.
Three-dimensional Spatial Visualization Construction of Buried Pipelines Based on Multi-source Data Fusion[J].
Science Technology and Engineering, 2026, 26(18): 7683-7693 DOI:10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2504541
(1)三维建模软件技术。Yin等[7]开发了一种基于工业基础类(industry foundation class,IFC)标准的自动化参数建模方案。该方法通过智能图层辨识技术从设计图纸中捕获管线信息,自动对齐管道的空间位置与截面尺寸,实现三维模型的自主构建,解决了二维CAD(computer-aided design)管道设计图纸在三维模型转换过程中依赖人工导致效率低下的问题。在复杂管道曲面拐角构建方面,Cheng[8]采用高密度点云特征匹配技术,结合多控制点样条曲面重构算法,建立了基于点云拼接的三维管道建模框架。Samanta[9]基于3ds Max(3D Studio Max),利用标准几何体与修改器完成管道模型构建,同时借助材质编辑和光照设置增强模型的真实感,从而优化整体设计效果。
(2)已有组件二次开发技术。已有组件二次开发技术通过利用现有地理信息系统(geographic Information system, GIS)等平台进行功能扩展,实现管道可视化系统构建。Srivastava[10]提出了一种离散几何管道建模方法,采用三角带与多面体逼近圆柱截面,通过中心线拉伸完成网格化建模,但在弯管连接处存在网格断裂问题。Li等[11]基于ArcGIS Engine开发了采用Multipatch方法的管道自动建模系统,通过集成高保真纹理映射和多尺度渲染技术,显著提升了模型质量。Li[12]利用ArcGIS的API(application programming interface)/SDK(software development kit)开发了基于Web的数字管道框架,通过管道空间数据模型(pipeline spatial data model)实现了埋地管道数据的实时共享。针对Cesium原生引擎无法直接渲染地下管网的问题,窦世卿等[13]提出基于四叉树结构将二维Shapefile管网数据自动转换为3D Tiles模型,并通过二次开发构建了包含地表透明化、地下视角观测等一系列功能的埋地管道可视化系统。
上述多源数据主要包含大地坐标(经度λ、纬度φ、高程h、埋深d)及里程计累积距离s两类参数。通过空间数据融合算法,将异构坐标系转换至以首段管道起始点地面坐标为原点的局部笛卡尔坐标系(X, Y, Z)相对坐标,支撑三维可视化建模。
1.2.1 大地坐标转换
对于管道的经纬度与埋深数据,首先需将其统一为中心线的空间坐标(经度λ、纬度φ和高程h)。如图1所示为坐标示意图,大地坐标的处理流程如下:在选定地球椭球模型(如 WGS84 或 CGCS2000)的基础上,根据椭球几何参数将大地坐标转换为地固直角坐标系(x, y, z);随后利用局部坐标旋转矩阵将其转换至东北天坐标系(e, n, u),从而获得满足可视化需求的局部相对坐标(X, Y, Z)。
采用Blender、3ds MAX等三维建模软件,通过NURBS曲面与多边形网格混合建模等技术,对环焊缝、阀门、三通接口等附属物与体积型缺陷、均匀腐蚀等缺陷进行刻画,构建包含附属物与典型缺陷的预制体模型库,如图6所示。预制模型以.FBX格式导出,并在Unity引擎中进行LOD(level of detail)分级处理,优化复杂场景下的渲染性能。
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