A robust ultrasonic SLAM algorithm based on multi-constraint graph optimization was proposed to address the issues of positioning drift and poor mapping quality in conventional ultrasonic SLAM systems caused by low sensor resolution in complex environments. To ensure successful line feature extraction, temporal information from consecutive M ultrasonic detections was fused, and a split-merge algorithm was employed to achieve stable line feature extraction. A graph model incorporating odometry motion constraints and ultrasonic observation constraints was constructed, where the weights of each constraint are dynamically adjusted based on sensor uncertainty. The joint optimization problem of pose and features was solved using sparse matrix decomposition and the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate that compared to odometry-based dead reckoning and extended Kalman filter SLAM methods, the average positioning accuracy is improved by approximately 83.8% and 63.5%, respectively, with an average map error of only 1.19 cm and a map coverage rate reaching 96%. An experimental platform was established to further validate the algorithm in real-world environments. This work provides a novel approach for low-cost ultrasonic SLAM systems, suitable for resource-constrained devices or extreme scenarios such as smoke-filled environments.
同时定位与地图构建(simultaneous localization and mapping, SLAM)是自主移动系统在未知环境中实现环境感知与导航的核心技术,在军事侦察、无人系统自主作业以及室内服务机器人等领域具有广泛的应用价值[1-2]。而超声波SLAM技术因其成本低、抗干扰性强,在黑暗、烟雾等复杂环境中具有独特优势[3]。Wu等[4]提出基于多超声波传感器的低成本SLAM方案,通过优化测量算法提升多机器人系统的定位与建图精度,实现了低成本SLAM的初步功能。陈远[5]通过移动机器人在离散观测点进行超声波稀疏扫描并融合多帧测量数据,从而提取并重构环境轮廓信息,但该方法无法有效消除里程计误差。Krekovi$\stackrel{\text{'}}{c}$等[6]提出了一种基于最小点距离特征提取和超声波阵列模糊建模的算法,降低了超声波测距误差和方向不确定性,但缺乏有效的环境轮廓检测和描述。袁帅等[7]提出了一种基于三位置超声波检测的环境轮廓构建方法,并结合无迹卡尔曼滤波来融合超声波数据与机器人驱动模型。张文静[8]采用渐进式概率霍夫变换提取环境轮廓,并基于扩展卡尔曼滤波融合里程计与超声波数据,实现对航位推算轨迹的误差修正。但基于滤波的方法受限于马尔可夫假设,难以修正历史误差。
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