In China, tunnel infrastructure has to be deep constructed due to the increasingly congested underground space. The precise calculation of actual earth pressure acting on lining and reasonable design scheme of lining segment can ensure the construction safety, meanwhile take advantage in reducing the costs. An finite element model numerical model considering the whole process of shield tunnelling and various tunnel cover depths (2D~8D) was established (D was the outer diameter of the tunnel). The relationship between load patterns acting on the lining and tunnel cover depths was clarified. Moreover, in terms of load patterns, internal forces, and segment reinforcements, the numerical results were compared with those obtained from a number of conventional calculation methods for lining load. A calculation formula that was suitable for calculating the actual load on linings of deep and ultra-deep tunnels was explored. The findings demonstrate that the actual patterns of load on the top and bottom of tunnel lining presents a Gaussian profile. Some typical loosening earth pressure methods underestimate the actual load on tunnel lining in soft ground. The calculated results are in unsafe side. The overburden column method overestimates the actual load on tunnel lining in soft ground. The calculated results tend to be more conservative and are significantly greater than the actual lining load. The reinforcements of deep and ultra-deep segments can be reduced by using the proposed load pattern, while ensuring the structure safety, and achieve low-carbon scenario. The research results can provide theoretical references for the design of deep and ultra-deep tunnel linings in soft ground.
Ministry of Housing and Urban Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China. Standard for design of shield tunnel engineering: GB/T 51438—2021[S]. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2021.
[3]
WangH L, ChenR P, ChengW, et al. Full-scale model study on variations of soil stress in geosynthetic-reinforced pile-supported track bed with water level change and cyclic loading[J]. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 2019, 56(1): 60-68.
[4]
LiuX F, ChenK, YuanS Y, et al. Experimental study on the small strain stiffness-strength of a fully weathered red mudstone[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2024, 438: 137058.
[5]
LinX T, SuD, ShenX, et al. Effect of tunnelling-induced ground loss on the distribution of earth pressure on a deep underground structure[J]. Computers and Geotechnics, 2022, 147:104781.
[6]
ChenK H, PengF L. An improved method to calculate the vertical earth pressure for deep shield tunnel in Shanghai soil layers[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2018, 75: 43-66.
[7]
PanG, LiuX, YuanS, et al. A field study on the arching behavior of a geogrid-reinforced floating pile-supported embankment[J]. Transportation Geotechnics, 2022, 37: 100795.
LiXue, ZhouShunhua, GongQuanmei, et al. Evaluation of earth pressure around a deeply buried metro shield tunnel with a large cross-section under high water pressure conditions[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2015, 36(5): 1415-1420.
[10]
MashimoH, IshimuraT. Evaluation of the load on shield tunnel lining in gravel[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2003, 18(2/3): 233-241.
BaiTinghui, ZhengYongbo, LiuShujia, et al. Analysis of the impact of ground loss rate in soft soil with deep shield excavation on soft soil arching effect[J]. Tunnel Construction, 2018, 38(S2): 1-6.
LiuShujia, BaiTinghui, LiaoShaoming. Field measurement of time-dependent variation of earth pressure caused by deep tunneling in shanghai soft soil[J]. Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering, 2021, 17(1): 229-236.
XuWeizhong, LiuShujia, LiaoShaoming. Analysis on the influence of shield depth on soft soil arching effect[J]. Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering, 2017, 13(S1): 65-69.
JiangHongsheng, HouXueyuan. Study of the loading pattern on circular tunnel in soft ground[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2003, 22(4): 651-658.
[19]
OhtaH, TakeuchiT, NishiwakiY H, et al. Performance of linings for shield driven tunnels: a survey on Japanese shield tunneling[C]// International Symposium on Underground Construction in Soft Ground. New Delhi: ISSMGE. 1995: 367-374.
[20]
KoyamaY. Present status and technology of shield tunneling method in Japan[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2003, 18(2): 145-159.
ZhuHehua, CuiMaoyu, YamgJinsong. Design model for shield lining segments and distribution of load[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2000, 22(2): 190-194.
[23]
侯学渊. 隧道设计模型、理论与试验[J]. 岩土工程学报, 1984(3): 35-43.
[24]
HouXueyuan. Design model, theory andtest of tunnel[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 1984(3): 35-43.
WuShiming, WangZhan, WangLizhong. Monitoring and analysis of the force and deformation of large section crossing-river tunnel during operation period[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University (Engineering Science), 2013, 47(4): 595-601, 608.
ZhangHoumei, ZhangLianghui, MaGuangzhou, et al. Experimental study on in-situ monitoring of ground pressures acting on shield-driven tunnels[J]. Tunnel Construction, 2006, 26(S2): 8-11.
ShiYufeng, HuMenghao, ZhangTao, et al. External load and stress characteristics of shield tunnel in strongly weathered soft rock[J]. Tunnel Construction, 2023, 43(S2): 91-99.
[31]
KoyamaY, OkanoN, ShimizuM, et al. In-situ measurement and consideration on shield tunnel in diluvium deposit[C]// Proceedings of Tunnel Engineering. Tokyo: Japan Society of Civil Engineers, 1995: 385-390.
[32]
FranziusJ N, PottsD M. Influence of mesh geometry on three-dimensional finite-element analysis of tunnel excavation[J]. International Journal of Geomechanics, 2005, 5(3): 256-266.
[33]
ZhengG, ZhangT, DiaoY. Mechanism and countermeasures of preceding tunnel distortion induced by succeeding EPBS tunnelling in close proximity[J]. Computers and Geotechnics, 2015, 66: 53-65.
[34]
ZhengG, LuP, DiaoY. Advance speed-based parametric study of greenfield deformation induced by EPBM tunnelling in soft ground[J]. Computers and Geotechnics, 2015, 65: 220-232.
[35]
ZhengG, FanQ, ZhangT, et al. Numerical study of the soil-tunnel and tunnel-tunnel interactions of EPBM overlapping tunnels constructed in soft ground[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 2022, 124: 104490.
[36]
LeeK M, GeX W. The equivalence of a jointed shield-driven tunnel lining to a continuous ring structure[J]. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 2001, 38(3): 461-483.
[37]
ShibaY, KawashimaK, ObinataN, et al. An evaluation method of longitudinal stiffness of shield tunnel linings for application to seismic response analyses[J]. Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, 1988, 398: 319-327.
Ministry of Housing and Urban Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China. Technical code for waterproofing of underground works: GB 50108—2008[S]. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2008.
[40]
王梦恕. 中国隧道及地下工程修建技术[M]. 北京: 人民交通出版社, 2010.
[41]
WangMengshu. Tunnelling and underground engineering techno-logy in China[M]. Beijing: China Communications Press, 2010.
[42]
谢家烋. 浅埋隧道的地层压力[J]. 土木工程学报, 1964, 10(6): 58-70.
[43]
XieJiaxiao. Earth pressure on shallow burial tunnel[J]. China Civil Engineering Journal, 1964, 10(6): 58-70.
[44]
伍冬. 山岭隧道围岩压力计算方法及其适用性研究[D]. 北京: 北京交通大学, 2012.
[45]
WuDong. Study on surrounding rock pressure calculation method and application of mountain tunnel[D]. Beijing: Beijing Jiaotong University, 2012.
[46]
TerzaghiK. Stress distribution in dry and in saturated sand above a yielding trap-door[C]// Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. Cambridge: ISSMGE, 1936: 307-311.
LiChunlin. Method for calculating loosening earth pressure during construction of shield tunnels[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2014, 36(9): 1714-1720.
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China. Unified standard for reliability design of building structures: GB 50068—2018[S]. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2018.
KoizumiAtsushi. Segment design for shield tunnel-from allowable stress design method to limit state design method[M]. Guan Linxingtraslated. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2012.