The ingestion of foreign objects poses a serious threat to the operational safety of aircraft engines. A simulation method for foreign object trajectories was proposed based on the Euler-Lagrange gas-solid two-phase framework. The method incorporated wall collision theory and a non-spherical drag model for bird. Meanwhile, a three-dimensional compressible model of foreign object motion in a ribbed S-shaped intake was established, in which multiple aerodynamic and collision forces were systematically considered. On this basis, the trajectories of two types of foreign objects under different parameters were compared, and their impact characteristics were obtained. The results indicate that birds usually experience two major collisions in the intake, and their exit velocity increases significantly compared with the initial velocity. When the initial velocity is 80 m/s, the maximum velocity increment reaches 34.61%. The upper region near the fuselage side of the entrance is identified as a high-risk ingestion zone, where birds may enter the intake with fewer collisions. The final collision positions of the birds are concentrated near 80% of the blade height on the upper half region of the engine fan close to the fuselage, implying stricter strength requirements for fan blade tips. In addition, sand particles are accelerated by the high-speed airflow along the intake. When the particle size decreases to below 3 mm, the average velocity has increased by more than 100% compared to the initial velocity, with more than 50% of the particles impacting within 0.6 times the fan diameter. It is concluded that the present study provides valuable references for optimizing intake designs and studying foreign object damage.
NIE Yang, LI Bao-kuan, YANG Xiao-xi, XIE Ye-ping, ZHANG Hai-yang.
Trajectories of Typical Foreign Object Inside a Ribbed S-shaped Intake[J].
Science Technology and Engineering, 2026, 26(16): 7068-7079 DOI:10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2503943
相对而言,针对鸟体在复杂进气道内的轨迹仿真计算较少。Aravinth等[5]在不考虑鸟体与进气道碰撞的情况下,采用六自由度(six degrees of freedom, 6-DOF)动网格方法研究了不同飞机攻角下,鸟体在背负式进气系统内的运动轨迹。冯传奇等[6]采用嵌套网格方法,模拟了鸟体吸入发动机时的运动轨迹,得到了不同参数对鸟体运动行为的影响,该结果有效地缩短了吞鸟实验周期,降低了实验成本。周浩宇等[7]基于6-DOF方法,对不同出口马赫数下涡桨飞机进气系统的吞鸟特性进行了模拟分析,研究结果为一体化进气系统内鸟体的排除特性提供了有效的数据支撑。张琦等[8]采用动网格技术对吞鸟试验中鸟体出膛后飞行轨迹进行模拟研究,得到了鸟体周围的压力变化数据。
为了达到预估叶片损伤的目的,有效降低典型外物对发动机的伤害,以Euler-Lagrange气固两相模型及离散元方法(discrete element method, DEM)为基础,发展了一种适用于鸟体和砂石的统一轨迹仿真方法。该方法着重考虑了鸟体非球形曳力模型以及外物与壁面的弹性碰撞过程,避免了传统轨迹代码中将外物简化为质点或刚体的理想化处理;同时,相较于依赖动网格或6-DOF重叠网格的模拟,该方法不再需要大尺度网格变形与重构,显著降低了网格畸变风险和计算成本,便于在复杂进气道参数优化与多工况研究中推广应用。依托Simcenter STAR-CCM+商业软件及二次开发技术,对不同工况参数下鸟体与砂石在肋部进气式S弯进气道内的气动过程开展对比研究,获取外物轨迹特征、碰撞信息等关键参数和研究规律。结果可为复杂进气道高风险外物吸入区域的识别、进气道几何布局优化以及FOD防控策略制定提供一定的数据参考,对提高发动机进气系统的运行安全性具有一定的工程意义。
$C_{\mathrm{D}}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\frac{24}{R e_{\mathrm{p}}}\left(1+0.15 R e_{\mathrm{p}}^{0.687}\right), & R e_{\mathrm{p}} \leqslant 10^{3} \\0.44, & R e_{\mathrm{p}}>10^{3}\end{array}\right.$
离散元方法(discrete element method, DEM)在模拟物体运动和相互作用方面具有显著优势,尤其适用于物体与壁面间存在复杂接触和碰撞的场景。该方法通过计算每个物体的受力与运动状态,能够准确描述物体之间的接触力、摩擦力以及物体与壁面之间的弹性或黏附行为,适合非线性动力学问题的建模[26]。此外,DEM可以通过耦合外部物理场(如气流、重力)真实再现物体的反弹、堆积和迁移过程,使得该方法在颗粒冲蚀、沉积、输运等工程问题中应用广泛。
砂石与鸟体在进气道中主要受曳力与重力作用,并存在与壁面多次碰撞和滑移行为,具备高度相似的动力学过程。其次,鸟体在进气道内运动时Rep处于105量级,与砂石一样均属于高惯性颗粒,两者在力学特性与建模结构上具有高度可比性。此外,模型还针对鸟体的非球形与柔性特征,引入了相应的曳力模型与壁面碰撞函数,实现了对两类外物的差异化处理。基于以上特点,将离散元方法(discrete element method, DEM)中的线性弹簧-阻尼模型、非球型曳力模型、流体模型、壁面碰撞函数进行耦合,实现外物-气流-壁面结构三者之间的多物理场建模,从而达成不同外物在进气道内轨迹模拟与风险评估的目的。
ZhangTao, ZhaoZhenhua, DuWenjun, et al. Verification method of foreign object damage and fatigue strength prediction of fan/compressor blades[J]. Journal of Propulsion Technology, 2023, 44(2): 246-251.
ZhangHaiyang, WeiDuokui, WangXiangping, et al. Numerical and experimental investigation of damage of bird impact on fan blades[J]. Journal of Propulsion Technology, 2015, 36(9): 1382-1388.
ZhangXinzhe, LiuSifan, HuoYingfei, et al. Dynamic response of aero-engine blade against near real bird impact[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025, 25(18): 7843-7851.
[9]
AravinthL, VidhyashankarN, AbbasR, et al. Estimation of an object trajectory in an intake duct using numerical simulation[J]. Defence Science Journal, 2020, 70(1): 10-17.
FengChuanqi, ZhangJiufeng, ZhangQi. Research on influencing factors of bird trajectory based on numerical simulation[J]. Aeronautical Science and Technology, 2023, 34(2): 34-40.
ZhouHaoyu, WuZhenlong, XieMaixiang, et al. Numerical simulation on bird ingestion characteristics from engine inlet of turboprop aircraft[J]. Journal of Aerospace Power, 2024, 39(12): 473-487.
ZhangQi, ZhuHuanna, LuYongshuai, et al. Trajectory analysis of bird throwing based on dynamic grid technology[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2024, 24(13): 5604-5610.
[16]
TaslimM E, KhanichehA, SpringS. A numerical study of sand separation applicable to engine inlet particle separator systems[J]. Journal of the American Helicopter Society, 2009, 54(4): 42001.
[17]
MiB G, ZhanH. Numerical simulation on rigid foreign object exclusion in the turboprop engine intake system with a bypass duct[J]. IEEE Access, 2019, 7: 61920-61933.
NieYang, LiBaokuan, YangXiaoxi, et al. Study on sand ingestion trajectory of a two-dimensional external compression inlet based on overset mesh technology[J/OL]. Journal of Aerospace Power, (2024-10-12)[2025-05-11]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.2297.v.20241011.1435.006.html.
[20]
GhenaietA. Study of sand particle trajectories and erosion into the first compression stage of a turbofan[J]. Journal of Turbomachinery, 2012, 134(5): 51025.
[21]
GhenaietA. A numerical study of volcanic ash ingestion and erosion of the front components of a high bypass turbofan engine[J]. The Aeronautical Journal, 2024, 128(1325): 1450-1484.
[22]
HaoZ, YangX, FengZ. Unsteady simulations of migration and deposition of fly-ash particles in the first-stage turbine of an aero-engine[J]. The Aeronautical Journal, 2021, 125(1291): 1566-1586.
XuQainnan, HuFeng, XiaoYouhong, et al. Analysis of dynamic characteristics of sand particles in air intake and compressor cascade of aero-engine[J]. Journal of Aerospace Power, 2021, 36(8): 1776-1782.
[25]
WangW, CaoY, OkazeT. Comparison of hexahedral, tetrahedral and polyhedral cells for reproducing the wind field around an isolated building by LES[J]. Building and Environment, 2021, 195: 107717.
[26]
NieY, LiB K, YangX X, et al. Aerodynamic behaviour of ice-debris inside dorsal S-shaped inlet based on overset mesh technology[J]. The Aeronautical Journal, 2025, 129(1339): 2497-2522.
[27]
MenterF, KuntzM, LangtryR. Ten years of industrial experience with the SST turbulence model[J]. Turbulence, Heat and Mass Transfer, 2003, 4(1): 625-632.
GaoXiaodong, DongPingchuan, ChenShun, et al. Numerical simulation of asphaltene particle transport in horizontal well horizontal section based on DPM model[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics, 2023, 40(1): 218-224.
LiQing, TuGuohua, LiTingting, et al. Particle solver in compressible high enthalpy flow (part 1): the theoretical equations of point particle laden flow[J]. Acta Aerodynamica Sinica, 2023, 41(8): 71-86.
XiongShuchun, ZangMengyan. Efficient simulation about the motion of large particles in fluid based on unresolved computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method[J]. Science Techno-logy and Engineering, 2021, 21(15): 6140-6146.
[36]
MichaelidesE E, FengZ. Drag coefficients of non-spherical and irregularly shaped particles[J]. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 2023, 145(6): 060801.
[37]
GrantG, TabakoffW. Erosion prediction in turbomachinery resu-lting from environmental solid particles[J]. Journal of Aircraft, 1975, 12(5): 471-478.
[38]
ZhengG J, TanH J, WuZ L, et al. Aerodynamics and bird ingestion characteristics of a bulge-adjustable turboprop engine inlet[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2024, 144: 108777.
[39]
NavarroH, De-Souza-BraunM. Determination of the normal spring stiffness coefficient in the linear spring-dashpot contact model of discrete element method[J]. Powder Technology, 2013, 246: 707-722.
[40]
KliafasY, HoltM. LDV measurements of a turbulent air-solid two-phase flow in a 90° bend[J]. Experiments in Fluids, 1987, 5(2): 73-85.
[41]
WellbornS, ReichertB, OkiishiT. An experimental investigation of the flow in a diffusing S-duct[C]// AIAA 28th Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit. Nashville: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1992: 3622.
LuoGang, ZhangHaiyang, WuChunbo, et al. Distribution of high-risk birds distribution affecting aircraft safety in China[J]. Aeroengine, 2020, 46(5): 40-48.