In response to the large tracking error of anti-aircraft fire control systems when tracking complex maneuver of small and micro unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), an interacting multiple model-improved strong tracking unscented Kalman filter (IMM-ISTUKF) algorithm based on adaptive transition probability matrix (ATPM) was proposed. The proposed algorithm combined a multiple fading factor to enhance the filtering performance of STUKF, and adaptively adjusted each element of the Markov transfer probability matrix using posterior probability and likelihood function information. A two-stage ATPM update mechanism based on model polarization correction and model transfer acceleration was designed to suppress interference from mismatched models during the stable phase, and accelerate model switching during the transition phase, thereby reducing state estimation error. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves higher tracking accuracy than traditional IMM and improved IMM algorithms, providing technical support for anti-UAV operations of anti-aircraft gun system.
WANG Yi-peng, WANG Ding-heng, YANG Wei, LU Yong-chao, ZHANG Xiao-song, LI Hao-fei, JIA Shi-cheng, LIU Bao-rong, HAN Chong-wei.
IMM-ISTUKF Algorithm for Complex Maneuvering Target Tracking Based on Adaptive Transition Probability Matrix[J].
Science Technology and Engineering, 2026, 26(8): 3304-3318 DOI:10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2503105
参照常见的目标跟踪算法评估方法[33-34],选取均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)、平均均方根误差(average root mean square error,ARMSE)和平均误差(mean error,ME)作为衡量算法精度的性能指标。以评价目标位置估计的精度为示例,RMSE、ARMSE及ME的计算表达式分别为
YangShuqing, HanShengchang. The impact and prospects of small drones on modern combat methods[J]. Defence Industry Conversion in China, 2024(21): 82-84.
GuoChuwei, LiuXiaobo, WuFengying, et al. Progress of the US research on UAV cluster collaborative combat simulation and algorithms[J]. Tactical Missile Technology, 2024(6): 67-79.
LiHaomin, ZhaoQiang, WangGuangyuan, et al. Simulation analysis of the penetration effect of UAV covering shore-to-ship missiles[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2024, 24(8): 3459-3465.
ZhangChi, ZhangChun. Research on target assignment modeling and optimization algorithm of antiaircraft gun anti-UAV[J]. Journal of Gun Launch & Control, 2022, 43(2): 15-19, 25.
[9]
VilaV J, ClosasP, AngelF. Uncertainty exchange through multiple quadrature Kalman filtering[J]. IEEE Signal Processing Letters, 2016, 23(12): 1825-1829.
[10]
LimJ, ShinM, HwangW. Variants of extended Kalman filtering approaches for Bayesian tracking[J]. International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control, 2017, 27(2): 319-346.
SunMingfang, LüXu, ZhaoRenjie, et al. Adaptive extended Kalman filter algorithm based on innovation sequence for radar target tracking[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2023, 23(9): 3738-3743.
[13]
WangL, ChengX H. Algorithm of Gaussian sum filter based on high-order UKF for dynamic state estimation[J]. International Journal of Control Automation and Systems, 2015, 13(3): 652-661.
LiuYan, WenDesheng, YiHongwei, et al. Estimation of space target feature information by unscented Kalman filter[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2024, 24(21): 8837-8842.
[16]
GuoG, TengL. Maneuvering target tracking with multi model based on the adaptive structure[J]. IEEE Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2022, 17(6): 865-871.
[17]
QinX, ZhangR, WangG, et al. Robust interactive multi model INS/DVL integrated navigation system with adaptive model set[J]. IEEE Sensors Journal, 2023, 23(8): 8568-8580.
[18]
ZebN, HameedG, ManzoorS, et al. A fixed-lag smoothing interactive multiple model tracking and interception system for maneuvering target[J]. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology-Transactions of Electrical Engineering, 2020, 44(2): 605-615.
[19]
CebeiraA A, VicenteM A. Adaptive IMM-UKF for airborne tracking[J]. Aerospace, 2023, 10: 698.
[20]
XieG, SunL, WenT, et al. Adaptive transition probability matrix-based parallel IMM algorithm[J]. IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems, 2021, 55(5): 2980-2989.
[21]
XuW, XiaoJ, XuD, et al. An adaptive IMM algorithm for a PD radar with improved maneuvering target tracking performance[J]. Remote Sensing, 2024, 16(6): 1051.
[22]
ZhangX, YuanS, YinX, et al. Estimation of skid-steered wheeled vehicle states using STUKF with adaptive noise adjustment[J]. Applied Sciences, 2021, 11(21): 10391.
[23]
丁天宝. 自行弹炮结合防空武器系统[M]. 北京: 国防工业出版社, 2019: 174-188.
[24]
DingTianbao. Anti-aircraft weapon system of self-propelled gun and missile[M]. Beijing: National Defense Industry Press, 2019: 174-188.
WangYuanhang. Research on the combat application of micro-UAV and its response mechanism[J]. Ship Electronic Engineering, 2022, 42(7): 5-8.
[27]
薄煜明. 现代火控理论与应用基础[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2013: 36-48.
[28]
BoYuming. Modern fire control theory and application fundamental[M]. Beijing: China Science Press, 2013: 36-48.
[29]
LeeI H, ParkC G. An improved interacting multiple model algorithm with adaptive transition probability matrix based on the situation[J]. International Journal of Control Automation and System, 2023, 21(10): 3299-3312.
YeZehao, YanKai, SongYawei, et al. An improved strong tracking UKF and its application in target tracking[J]. Journal of Air & Space Early Warning Research, 2022, 36(2): 85-90.
BaoShuida, ZhangAn, BiWenhao. Speedy strong tracking unscented Kalman filter and its application in maneuvering target tracking[J]. Systems Engineering and Electronic Technology, 2018, 40(6): 1189-1196.
YuanT, Bar-ShalomY, WilletP, et al. A multiple IMM estimation approach with unbiased mixing for thrusting projectiles[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 2012, 48 (4): 3250-3267.
[37]
YangB, WangH, ShiZ. Interacting multiple model adaptive robust Kalman filter for process and measurement modeling errors simultaneously[J]. Signal Processing, 2025, 227: 109743.
[38]
HuK, WangJ, ChengY, et al. Adaptive filtering and smoothing algorithm based on variable structure interactive multiple model[J]. Scientific Reports, 2023, 13(1): 12993.
[39]
WangJ, ChenX, ShaoX. An adaptive multiple backtracking UKF method based on Krein space theory for marine vehicles alignment process[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2022, 72(3): 3214-3226.
[40]
LecunY, BottouL, OrrG B, et al. Neural networks: tricks of the trade[M]. Berlin: Springer, 2012.
[41]
MalflietW. The tanh method: a tool for solving certain classes of non-linear PDEs[J]. Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences, 2005, 28(17): 2031-2035.
ChenXiaonan, ZhangZikuo, SuoJidong, et al. Research on interactive multiple model tracking algorithm based on extended Kalman filter[J]. Modern Electronics Technique, 2024, 47 (13): 71-76.
[46]
MaJ R, MaQ H, YangS J, et al. Study on maneuvering target trajectory simulation and tracking based on IMM algorithm[C]// Journal of Physics: Conference Series. Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing, 2023: 012002.
LiuJianjuan, LiZhiwei, JiMiaoxin, et al. Multi-strategy improvement of the sparrow search algorithm for optimizing the UKF method[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025, 25(1): 227-237.
[49]
RadhikaM N, MallickM, TianX. IMM filtering algorithms for a highly maneuvering fighter aircraft: an overview[J]. Algorithms, 2024, 17(9): 399.