1 Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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文章历史+
Received
Published
Revised
2025-04-19
2026-05-08
2025-11-24
Online Date
2026-08-06
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摘要
我国西部山区滚石灾害频发,危害严重。因其多变的几何形状和复杂的入射空间状态,滚石的运动轨迹难以预测,导致传统线性防治工程在尺寸设计和空间布置上存在难点。通过离散元方法(discrete element method,DEM)数值模拟技术,融合室内外试验参数标定与现场调查数据,构建了滚石运动-结构物相互作用的两阶段模型,系统揭示了滚石几何形状(椭球)和入射空间状态(初始角度、速度)对其运动轨迹、弹跳高度及横向偏移量的影响规律。研究结果表明:滚石形状通过质心偏移与转动惯量差异主导轨迹变化,初始入射角度和速度分别控制运动方向发散度与能量耗散速率;基于轨迹分布带宽分析,提出防治工程应布设于坡脚水平面外延一定区域处。案例验证表明,该优化布设模式使工程有效布设范围缩小41%,为复杂地形区滚石灾害防治提供了兼顾精度与效率的计算方法。
Abstract
Rockfall disasters are frequently observed and are considered serious hazards in the mountainous regions of western China. Due to the variable geometric shapes and complex incident spatial states of falling rocks, their trajectories are difficult to predict, which poses significant challenges for the dimensional design and spatial arrangement of conventional linear protective structures. The discrete element method (DEM) was employed to develop a two-stage numerical model for simulating the interaction between rockfalls and protective structures. The model was calibrated using parameters derived from laboratory and field experiments, as well as site investigation data. The influence of rock geometry (ellipsoidal shapes) and incident spatial conditions (initial angles and velocities) on rockfall trajectories, rebound heights, and lateral deviations was systematically investigated. The results indicate that variations in rock shape primarily affect trajectory behavior through centroid offset and differences in rotational inertia, whereas the initial angle and velocity mainly govern the divergence of movement direction and the rate of energy dissipation, respectively. Based on the analysis of trajectory distribution bandwidths, it is proposed that protective structures should be installed beyond the toe of the slope and extended into a defined buffer zone. A case study verified that this optimized layout strategy can reduce the effective coverage area of protective structures by 41%, providing a computationally efficient and accurate approach for rockfall mitigation in complex terrain.
ZHAO Yong-jie, WU Yong, WANG Zhang-qing, WANG Ying-peng.
Influence of Rockfall Shape and Incident Space State on Trajectory and Optimization of Linear Control Engineering Layout[J].
Science Technology and Engineering, 2026, 26(13): 5375-5384 DOI:10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2502814
线性防治工程布置的难点在于滚石轨迹的复杂性,本质上取决于滚石的形状、入射空间状态以及复杂地形等因素的影响。目前对滚石运动过程及防治工程的研究方法有很多。如魏新容等[8]通过理论方法建立了滚石运动预测模型,预测结果与试验结果吻合较好,但没有考虑滚石形状。沈均等[9]提出了一种通过桩-土耗能的新型消能桩结构,并基于能量守恒定律推导了计算方法,通过实例验证了该模型的实用性。但其忽略了实际工程中材料非线性、动力效应和群桩相互作用等复杂因素,且其核心参数的确定存在较大不确定性。Ma等[10]进行的原位试验虽然考虑了滚石形状以及入射空间状态,但地形过于简单。Caviezel等[11]进行了大量落石原位坠落实验并统计了所有的轨迹,考虑到了真实地形的影响,但入射空间状态单一。叶唐进等[12]通过模型试验发现,55°滚石斜坡在降雨时最易因入渗充分而失稳,并推导出相应的稳定性计算公式,但方法仅适用于土质坡。可以看出理论计算以及原位试验的方法很难考虑到所有影响因素,且周期长、普适性差,而相比之下数值方法更具优势[13-16]。戎泽鹏等[17]采用二维数值模拟软件Rockfall对中武山危岩体失稳过程进行数值模拟方法研究。刘成清等[18]提供了一套基于数值模拟的防护网设计方法,但其理论基础的准确性受限于材料本构的简化、关键参数的经验性以及系统耦合效应的忽略。吕泽鹏等[19]采用有限元模拟软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA对滚石冲击拦石墙结构动力响应问题进行模拟研究。叶唐进等[20]通过有限元模拟分析了滚石对输电塔的撞击效应,确定了最危险的撞击工况,最终提出了可用于工程估算的撞击力峰值计算公式。Toe等[21]对滚石撞击树木时涉及的复杂力学过程进行模拟,证明了离散元方法(discrete element method,DEM)可以用于参数敏感性分析。石崎材等[22]利用离散元法模拟了危岩体发生失稳后的运动过程,表明离散元可较好地模拟滚石运动全过程。江巍等[23]采用DEM方法对滚石冲击拦石墙时的冲击力进行分析。可见,目前DEM因其能够很好地表示滚石形状、真实地形以及入射空间状态,并且能够模拟滚石运动全过程以及冲击动力响应,已经普遍应用于滚石灾害的研究。但主要集中在冲击力、防治措施与方法、动力响应问题以及失稳运动过程方面[24-28]。尽管已有诸多学者通过现场滚石试验及数值模拟方法揭示了滚石运动路径的演化规律,但针对其运动轨迹与线性防治工程空间位置协同优化关系的系统研究仍显不足,尤其在复杂地形下滚石冲击能量分布与工程布设参数的动态耦合机制方面亟待深化。
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