1 Southwest Research Institute for Hydraulic and Water Transport Engineering,Chongqing Jiaotong University,Chongqing 400074,China
2 College of River and Ocean Engineering,Chongqing Jiaotong University,Chongqing 400074,China
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2025-04-14
2026-02-08
2025-11-16
Online Date
2026-09-21
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摘要
近年来,基于图形学的仿真系统发展迅速,其中船舶操纵模拟器中的水面波动视景特效尤为引人关注。随着船舶操纵模拟器逐步应用于内河船员培训和涉水建筑物通航安全评估,发现内河径流特征(水流流势)是船长进行安全操纵的重要视觉参考。然而,现有的船舶模拟器尚无法提供具备内河径流特征的视景特效。为此,综述基于物理的流体模拟方法的关键技术、核心原理、应用发展及模拟效果,涵盖欧拉网格法、拉格朗日粒子法、混合拉格朗日-欧拉法、格子玻尔兹曼方法及其改进版本。重点分析这些方法在利用图形处理器(graphics processing unit,GPU)并行加速、控制方程简化以及多技术耦合下的计算效率等方面的性能,比较实时仿真性能,并总结其特点及适用场景,以期找到可应用于内河船舶操纵视景仿真系统的河流模拟方案。最后,展望未来的研究方向,并得出以下结论:对于高精度要求的应用,可优先采用离线模拟;基于光滑粒子流体动力学-浅水方程(smoothed particle hydrodynamics-shallow water equations,SPH-SWE)方法能够实现实时且逼真的大规模流固耦合场景模拟;结合机器学习技术,有望实现高精度的实时模拟。
Abstract
In recent years,simulation systems based on computer graphics have developed rapidly,drawing particular attention to water surface wave effects in ship-handling simulators. As these simulators are increasingly employed in inland pilot training and in assessing the navigational safety of water-related structures,it has been discovered that inland river flow features (i.e.,water flow tendencies) serve as crucial visual cues for safe vessel operation. Nevertheless,current simulators fail to offer realistic visual effects that capture inland river flow characteristics. To address this gap,the key technologies,fundamental principles,developmental progress,and resulting simulation effects of physics-based fluid simulation methods were reviewed,including Eulerian grid approaches,Lagrangian particle methods,hybrid Euler-Lagrange schemes,and the lattice Boltzmann method with its extensions. Particular emphasis was placed on analyzing their computational efficiency under graphics processing unit(GPU) parallel acceleration,equation simplification,and multi-technique coupling,along with a comparison of real-time simulation performance and a summary of their respective features and applicable scenarios,aiming to identify a suitable approach for river modeling in inland ship-handling simulator visualization systems. Finally,future research directions were discussed,leading to three main conclusions: for applications demanding high accuracy,offline simulation is preferable. The smoothed particle hydrodynamics-shallow water equations(SPH-SWE) method enables real-time and highly realistic large-scale fluid-solid coupling. Integrating machine learning techniques holds promising potential for achieving high-accuracy real-time simulations.
MA Xi-qin, SU Zhe-yi, XU Chun-yan, LIU Zhen-long, LI Zong-ji, YI Hai-bin.
Research Progress on Physics-based Fluid Modeling Methods and Computational Efficiency[J].
Science Technology and Engineering, 2026, 26(4): 1328-1347 DOI:10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2502608
该方法的核心在于求解纳维-斯托克斯方程。传统意义的计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)模拟求解偏微分的离散方法包括有限差分法(finite difference method,FDM)、有限体积法(finite volume method,FVM)、有限元法(finite element method,FEM)等。通过数值求解得到每一个时间步长流体的运动状态,循环迭代该过程从而得到流体整体的运动情况。各方法主要特征如表1所示。
1.1.1 经典的离散方法
Kass等[20]首先提出一种基于有限差分网格求解浅水方程,从而简单快速稳定的来模拟海洋表面场景,其计算效率在高性能计算机上能够达到30帧/s,且水流建模的条件单一,不允许建模涉及雷诺数变化的复杂现象或可能包括移动物体。在此基础上,进一步研究引入压力对流体流场中的影响,通过计算不可压缩的二维NSE,并结合瞬时的压力场来模拟流动表面的高度。在动画场景中,成功模拟不同流体的流动行为以及流固耦合现象。然而该方法牺牲了分辨率的精度从而产生逼真的流体形状,在计算过程中,它们将流体视为完全平坦的,很难实时模拟[21]。计算机图形学与流体力学的结合进一步拓展了流体模拟方法,通过引入MAC(Marker and Cells)求解完整三维的NSE,实现障碍物与可控流场自由变量之间的强耦合,大幅提升了对复杂流场的精确模拟能力[22]。为了进一步提高稳定性,通过采用半拉格朗日法求解对流项,并结合隐式求解器求解NSE,最终使得稳定的、三维的、基于物理的流体模拟成为可能,但仍面临着数值耗散问题,对细节捕捉的能力有所限制[23]。
典型的欧拉网格方法有流体体积(volume of fluid,VOF)法[31]和水平集[32](level set,LS)法。VOF法使用流体体积函数来计算网格单元中流体的体积分数,能够保证质量守恒的特性。温喆然等[33]使用VOF对流体自由表面进行追踪,将流体域视为虚拟弹性体,实现高效的流固耦合计算,但在三维情况下对欧拉网格上进行界面重构与迭代更新是非连续的,导致法向量和曲率等物理参数计算不准确。LS方法通过求解LS方程实现相界面物理量的更新,由于LS函数的连续性,在计算界面法线和曲率等相关参数时精度较高。虽然发展了函数平流、函数初始化[34-36]等概率去解决界面拓扑结构发生剧烈变化,但质量耗散现象仍然存在[37]。为了缓解该问题,粒子水平集(particle level set)方法利用水平集函数表示流体,并用欧拉法求解对流项,同时通过修正水平集界面两侧的粒子位置信息来提高体积守恒性和计算精度。该方法实现简单且能获得近乎真实的效果,但难以应用于大规模的数值模拟[38]。近年来,许多研究者耦合VOF和LS两种方法来同时获取两者优势,如CLSVOF(coupled level set and volume of fluid)、VOSET(volume-of-fluid-level-set)等,用于处理更加复杂的界面演化现象[39]。上述方法在特定场景下精度很高,但由于CFL准则的要求,求解速度限制明显,因此无法引入船舶模拟器河流视景实时仿真。
为了重现复杂表面流动的现象,Ren等[119]采用SOM(semi-flattened original mesh)方法,将底面的高频凹凸信息融入模拟,实现了流体对曲面细节的响应,通过引入基于形状算子的各向异性摩擦张量,水流能够自动沿表面主纹理方向运动,模拟了液体在任意曲面上受风力或表面张力等影响的流动,小场景的帧率达到30 FPS。
通过差分法求解指定的流函数,将解得的速度矢量进行Poisson圆盘分布采样,生成用于表达河流速度场的粒子,在下一时间步开始时,删除不满足Poisson圆盘分布准则的采样点,保持粒子分布的均匀性,利用纹理分块技术渲染河流表面,从而达到实时性[120]。在此研究的基础上,通过反距离加权法构建河道内各点的流函数以进一步求解河流速度场,从而真实地体现了河流流动性,并改进了瓦片方向流(tiled directional flow,TDF)算法,结合GPU和GLSL着色器编程以及细节层次技术(levels of detail,LOD),实现了内河船舶操纵模拟器中大尺度河流视景的实时渲染,同时利用立方体映射和平面反射方法实现了河水表面的反射效果。因方程求解简单,满足仿真的实时性要求[121]。
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