4 Kunlun Digital Technology Co.,Ltd.,Beijing 100007,China
Show less
文章历史+
Received
Published
Revised
2025-04-13
2026-02-08
2025-11-16
Online Date
2026-09-21
PDF (9753K)
摘要
荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)的准确估计对延长电池寿命、减少事故发生至关重要。针对锂电池系统存在建模误差及宽温度范围下传统方法适应性差的问题,设计一种自适应增益滑模观测器(adaptive gain sliding mode observer,AGSMO)以提高宽温域SOC估计精度。采用二阶RC等效电路模型构造适用于AGSMO的状态方程,并结合遗忘因子最小二乘法(forgetting factor recursive least square,FFRLS)完成模型参数辨识。利用等效控制思想构建状态误差的等效表达式,基于此设计滑模观测器,同时采用自适应增益提高收敛速度并抑制抖振。结合案例应用仿真,结果表明:AGSMO在美国联邦城市运行工况FUDS和高加速循环工况US06的不同初值下均可实现SOC的准确估计,并通过上述两种工况验证宽温域环境下AGSMO相较于滑模观测器(sliding mode observer,SMO)、扩展卡尔曼滤波(extended Kalman filter,EKF)具有更好的估计精度及收敛速度,均方根误差不超过0.68%,且在温域两端呈现强鲁棒性。
Abstract
Accurate estimation of the state of charge (SOC) is crucial for prolonging battery life and reducing the occurrence of accidents. Aiming at the problems of modeling errors in lithium battery systems and the poor adaptability of traditional methods in a wide temperature range,an adaptive gain sliding mode observer (AGSMO) was designed to improve the accuracy of SOC estimation. A second-order RC equivalent circuit model was used to construct the state equation which was applicable to AGSMO,and combining the forgetting factor recursive least square (FFRLS) algorithm to complete the identification of the model parameter. The equivalent control idea was used to construct the equivalent expression of the state error. Based on this,a sliding mode observer was designed,and a new adaptive gain was adopted to increase the convergence speed and suppress chattering. Combined with the case simulation,the results show that the AGSMO can achieve accurate SOC estimates under different initial value conditions in both United States federal urban driving schedule FUDS and highway driving schedule US06 tests,and the above two tests verify that AGSMO has better estimation accuracy and convergence speed than sliding mode observer (SMO) and extended Kalman filter (EKF) in a wide temperature range,the root mean square error is not more than 0.68%,and shows strong robustness at both ends of the temperature range.
TAO Yang-jie, XU Bao-chang, YIN Shi-xuan, GUO Jun-ming, XIN Ruo-jia.
Application of Adaptive Gain Sliding Mode Observer to Estimate the State of Charge of Lithium Batteries in Wide Temperature Range[J].
Science Technology and Engineering, 2026, 26(4): 1528-1536 DOI:10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2502577
在中国“双碳”目标引领下,以纯电动为主的新能源汽车作为新兴产业发展迅速[1],其核心支柱动力电池行业同步呈现出高速演进的态势[2]。锂离子电池因其能量密度高、循环寿命长和成本低等优点,长期稳居市场主导地位[3]。荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)估计作为电池管理系统(battery management system,BMS)中关键技术之一,在提高电池能量利用率和防止电池过度充放电方面具有重要意义[4]。
受电池组件温度敏感性的影响,实际应用中环境温度成为导致SOC估计存在误差的关键因素[19]。建立二阶RC等效电路模型,并结合遗忘因子最小二乘法(forgetting factor recursive least square,FFRLS)完成参数辨识,以宽温域下锂电池的SOC估计为目标,设计并应用一种自适应增益滑模观测器(adaptive gain sliding mode observer,AGSMO)。在传统SMO的基础上采用自适应增益以提高收敛速度并抑制抖振;设计一种新的自适应律,以避免传统自适应增益在实际应用中无法准确收敛的问题;融合等效控制思想,补偿建模误差并保证方法在宽温域下的估计精度。实现多工况下锂电池SOC的准确估计,能够保障锂电池长周期稳定运行,有效提升电池管理系统的综合性能。
1 锂电池建模与参数辨识
1.1 二阶RC等效电路模型
相较于Rint模型、Thevenin模型、新一代汽车合作伙伴计划(partnership for a new generation of vehicles,PNGV)模型和通用非线性(general nonlinear,GNL)模型,二阶RC等效电路模型在复杂度与计算精度方面平衡性更优[20],其结构如图1所示。
选用马里兰大学先进生命周期工程中心(Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering,CALCE)锂电池实验室INR 18650-20R型号电池的开路电压(open circuit voltage,OCV)测试数据集[21]用以描述OCV-SOC的函数关系,如图2所示,拟合得
WuMinghu, SunMeng. Fault detection method for electric vehicle lithium battery using real-world data[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2023, 23(13): 5599-5607.
LiJun, LiHulin. Review of state of charge estimation methods for electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2022, 22(6): 2147-2158.
WuShengli, OuHua, XingWenting. SOC estimation of Li-ion battery based on multi innovation extended Kalman filtering[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2024, 24(16): 6742-6748.
ZhangChuanming, WanYouhong, XiaoYang. SOC estimation of lithium battery based on inner loop correction central difference Kalman filter algorithm[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Sources, 2024, 48(6): 1116-1122.
[9]
VicidominiG, PetroneG, MonmassonG, et al. FPGA based implementation of a sliding-mode observer for battery state of charge estimation[C]// 26th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics. Edinburgh: IEEE, 2017: 1268-1273.
[10]
ChenX P, ShenW X, CaoZ W, et al. A novel approach for state ofcharge estimation based on adaptive switching gain sliding mode observer in electric vehicles[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2014, 246(15): 667-678.
[11]
SuiX, HuangX R, HeS, et al. A review of sliding mode observers based on equivalent circuit model for battery SOC estimation[C]// IEEE 28th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics. Vancouver: IEEE, 2019: 1965-1970.
[12]
TangS X, Camacho-SolorioL, WangY B, et al. State-of-charge estimation from a thermal-electrochemical model of lithium-ion batteries[J]. Automatica, 2017, 83: 206-219.
ZhaoXuan, LiMeiying, YuQiang, et al. State estimation of power lithium batteries for electric vehicles: a review[J]. China Journal of Highway and Transport, 2023, 36(6): 254-283.
DuanLinchao, ZhangXugang, ZhangHua, et al. SOC estimation of lithium-ion batterys based on second-order approximation extended Kalman filter[J]. China Mechanical Engineering, 2023, 34(15): 1797-1804.
[17]
HeZ G, ChenD P, ChaoF, et al. State of charge estimation of power Li-ion batteries using a hybrid estimation algorithm based on UKF[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2016, 211: 101-109.
[18]
KimI S. The novel state of charge estimation method for lithium battery using sliding mode observer[J], Journal of Power Sources, 2006, 163(1): 584-590.
[19]
ChenZ H, SunH, DongG Z, et al. Particle filter-based state-of-charge estimation and remaining-dischargeable-time prediction method for lithium-ion batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2019, 414: 158-166.
[20]
NingB, CaoB, WangB, et al. Adaptive sliding mode observers for lithium-ion battery state estimation based on parameters identifiedonline[J]. Energy, 2018, 153: 732-742.
[21]
MaoJ, ZhaoL H, LinY R. State-of-charge estimation of lithium-ion polymer battery based on sliding mode observer[C]// 33th Chinese Control Conference. Harbin: Department of Control Science and Engineering, 2014: 269-273.
[22]
KimT, QiaoW, QuL. Online SOC and SOH estimation for multicell lithium-ion batteries based on an adaptive hybrid battery model and sliding-mode observer[C]// IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition. New York: IEEE, 2013: 292-298.
[23]
HuangY G, XuJ, ZhaoD, et al. A novel batterystate of charge estimation method based on a super-twisting sliding mode observer[J]. Energies, 2018, 11(5): 1211.
[24]
XuC, ZhangE, YanS, et al. State of charge estimation for liquid metal battery based on an improved sliding mode observer[J]. Journal of Energy Storage, 2022, 45: 103701.
WuCongxiu, GengPan, LuDongran, et al. Improved state of charge estimation method of power lithium battery[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2019, 19(14): 201-206.
SunZheng, LiJun, LiHulin. Battery state estimation and active passive equalization considering temperature[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2022, 22(33): 14767-14778.
[29]
MarylandU O. CALCE Battery Reserach Group[EB/OL]. ( 2010-01-12)[2025-02-27].