张家峁矿沟谷区浅埋煤层开采地表损害特征及规律

孙学阳 ,  尹旭 ,  程正 ,  李继宏 ,  苗霖田

科学技术与工程 ›› 2026, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (4) :1366-1375

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科学技术与工程 ›› 2026, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (4) :1366-1375 DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2502551
天文学、地球科学

张家峁矿沟谷区浅埋煤层开采地表损害特征及规律

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Characteristics and Patterns of Surface Damage in Shallow Coal Seams Mining in Gully Area of Zhangjiamao Mine

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文章历史 +

摘要

煤炭已成为保障中国能源安全的“压舱石”。西部矿区蕴含有丰富的煤炭资源,浅埋煤层开采诱发的地表损害具有特殊性。沟谷区浅埋煤层开采地表损害特征及规律研究是助力浅埋煤层工作面安全智能开采的关键一环。以陕北张家峁煤矿14210工作面为工程背景,综合运用数值模拟与相似材料模拟方法,探究了沟谷区域浅埋煤层开采地表损害特征及规律。采用Rhino3D和FLAC3D软件相结合的方法进行数值模拟,相似材料模拟则利用VIC-3D光学非接触应变测量系统进行模型变形监测。分析了浅埋煤层开采对沟谷区域地表损害影响范围,并得出地表损害特征及应变规律。结果表明:浅埋煤层开采引起沟谷区坡面形成剪切应力集中,且越接近坡顶剪切应力集中程度越明显;相似材料模拟实验得出沟谷区地表损害特征为坡面台阶状地裂缝、沟底闭合或隆起状地裂缝,其垂直应变区主要集中在沟底及接近沟底的坡面上,水平应变区主要集中在坡面两侧,地表垂直应变值随工作面的推进呈“增大-减小-稳定不变”的动态变化规律,而地表水平应变值在不同地貌条件下呈现出不同的动态变化规律。研究成果为沟谷区浅埋煤层开采地表损害规律及预测提供了新思路和新方法,对沟谷区浅埋煤层开采过程中地表损害的预测与防治具有一定的参考价值。

Abstract

Coal is regarded as the cornerstone for safeguarding China’s energy security. Abundant coal resources are found in the western mining regions,where surface damage induced by shallow coal seam mining exhibits unique characteristics. Research on the characteristics and patterns of surface damage caused by mining in gully topography areas is considered a critical component for enabling the safe and intelligent extraction of shallow coal seam working faces. Taking the 14210 working face of Zhangjiamao coal mine in northern Shaanxi as the engineering case study,numerical simulation and similar material simulation methods were comprehensively employed to investigate the characteristics and patterns of surface damage induced by shallow coal seam mining in valley areas. Numerical simulation was performed using a combined approach with Rhino3D and FLAC3D software. Similar material simulation utilized the VIC-3D optical non-contact strain measurement system for model deformation monitoring. The influence range of shallow coal seam mining on surface damage in the valley area was analyzed,and the characteristics of surface damage along with strain patterns were obtained. The results reveal that mining activities induce concentrated shear stress on the valley slopes,with the concentration becoming more pronounced closer to the slope crest. Similar material simulation experiments demonstrate that the characteristic surface damage manifestations in the valley area include step-shaped ground fissures on slopes and closed or uplifted fissures at the valley bottom. The vertical strain zone is primarily concentrated at the valley bottom and on the slopes near the bottom,while the horizontal strain zone is mainly distributed on both sides of the slopes. The vertical surface strain exhibits a dynamic variation pattern characterized by “increase-decrease-stabilization” with the advance of the working face. In contrast,the horizontal surface strain displays different dynamic variation patterns under diverse topographic conditions. The research results provide new insights and methodologies for understanding and predicting surface damage patterns during shallow coal seam mining in valley areas. The findings offer valuable references for predicting and mitigating surface damage during mining operations in such topographies.

Graphical abstract

关键词

浅埋煤层 / Rhino3D / FLAC3D / 相似材料模拟 / VIC-3D / 地表损害

Key words

shallow coal seam / Rhino3D / FLAC3D / similar material simulation / VIC-3D / surface damage

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
孙学阳, 尹旭, 程正, 李继宏, 苗霖田. 张家峁矿沟谷区浅埋煤层开采地表损害特征及规律[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2026, 26(4): 1366-1375 DOI:10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2502551
SUN Xue-yang, YIN Xu, CHENG Zheng, LI Ji-hong, MIAO Lin-tian. Characteristics and Patterns of Surface Damage in Shallow Coal Seams Mining in Gully Area of Zhangjiamao Mine[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2026, 26(4): 1366-1375 DOI:10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2502551

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煤炭已成为保障中国能源安全的核心“压舱石”,随着中国煤炭资源开采重心的战略转移,西部普遍具有储量大、煤质好、煤层倾角近水平且埋深较浅、地形复杂、生态环境脆弱等特点[1-3]。西部地区赋存大量浅埋煤层,且地表普遍表现为沟谷地貌。浅埋工作面关键层基岩在开采至沟谷处普遍缺失,极易造成地表下沉、工作面端面切顶、煤壁严重片帮及支架立柱急剧下缩等强矿压显现事故[4-5],高强度开采也必将对地表造成严重的损害,同时也加大了地表修复的难度[6-7]。
近年来,针对沟谷区域浅埋煤层采动下地表损害问题,中外学者展开了诸多的研究工作。陈超等[8-9]提出地表破坏是典型的非线性力学灾害形势,其形成是一个复杂的岩土力学过程,主要受到煤层采厚、采深和基岩的力学性质等地质采矿因素的影响。宋世杰等[10-11]、魏江波等[12]揭示了浅埋煤层采动地裂缝周围土壤理化特性指标及抗冲系数的变化规律。李春永[13]研究了覆岩关键层失稳运动形式及其对地表采动裂缝发育形态的影响,以及基采比对地表采动裂缝演化规律的影响。浅埋厚煤层开采过程中,关键层失稳运动对地表采动裂缝发育类型具有控制作用。陈泽涛等[14]基于岩层控制的关键层理论,运用相似物理模拟实验研究浅埋煤层开采覆岩破坏场、位移场及采动裂缝演化规律,通过分析实测数据提出沟谷地形下地表受到煤层开采和坡体滑移的叠加影响,加剧了对地表的影响。来兴平等[15-16]研究发现,工作面过沟谷区域高位关键层缺失的上坡段时极易发生剧烈的切顶、压架、台阶下沉等动载现象。富水沟谷区域下浅埋煤层赋存条件特殊,采场上覆岩层导水裂隙发育演化特征复杂。在此基础上,刘志辉等[17]采用数值模拟和理论分析提出在黄土沟谷区浅埋煤层开采时,地表沟谷区存在剪切应力集中,沟谷两侧斜坡位移以水平方向为主,并得出了坡面变形破坏特征及失稳破坏过程。双海清等[18]基于关键层理论采用物理相似模拟与数值模拟相结合的手段分析了切顶留巷工艺下采空区应力分布、覆岩运移和采动裂隙分布规律。何昌春等[19]基于几何相似特征构建了依据地表沉陷实测数据预计覆岩内部移动变形的方法,该方法考虑了煤矿开采后覆岩移动变形导致的膨胀压缩。张岩等[20]针对高强度开采条件下山区地表建(构)筑物损坏,基于短基线集差分干涉测量技术,利用20景Sentinel-1A雷达影像,反演了目标区地表形变的空间分布形态和时间演变过程。孙世国等[21]通过数值模拟方法对开采区经历不同时段数次开采叠加作用诱发的地表变形与破坏范围进行研究,分别选取走向和倾向变化量最大的剖面对其位移和沉降规律进行进一步深入研究。胡梦玲等[22]分析了保水开采问题的流固耦合机理,建立流固耦合作用的控制方程,采用数值模拟研究了煤层采动对库岸边坡变形和孔隙水压力的影响规律以及浅埋煤层开采覆岩采动破坏特性。文献[23-28]通过数值模拟和相似材料模拟的手段,得出沟深、坡度及沟谷跨度等因素对地表裂缝发育相对位置、宽度和深度的影响。Zhang等[29]通过理论分析、数值模拟与现场实测相结合的方法,分析了针对浅埋煤层穿越峁梁地形开采过程中覆岩应力传递规律与支架阻力的动态变化特征,揭示了动力矿压作用机理并确定了支架最大工作阻力计算方法。Guo等[30]以关键层理论和开采沉陷理论为基础,结合数值模拟方法,对浅埋煤层覆岩破坏和裂隙演化机理进行了深入研究,同时也考察了对地裂缝形态和扩展的影响。文献[31-34]为探究沟谷区浅埋煤层高强度开采下地裂缝发育规律,采用相似材料物理模拟和数值模拟的方法,模拟开采沟谷区浅埋煤层,分析地裂缝静、动态发育规律及应力特征。
综上所述,煤炭资源的开采对地表造成地面塌陷、地裂缝和滑坡等地表损害问题。因此,以陕北张家峁矿14210工作面开采为工程背景,采用数值模拟和相似材料模拟的方法,分析得出煤层采动对沟谷区地表损害范围、特征及应变规律,为煤矿区地表损害问题的预测与治理提供一定的指导意义。

1 研究区概况

张家峁煤矿位于陕西省榆林市神木县北部,其中14210工作面位于井田中部,地貌属风沙滩地区,工作面走向南北向,与乌兰布拉沟大致呈60°夹角,为常年性流水。

14210工作面走向长度约3 400 m,倾向长约300 m,工作面地表海拔为+1 146~+1 280 m,综合机械化采煤方法,主采煤层为4-2煤,埋深0~225.37 m,平均埋深为93 m,煤层厚度1.85~4.74 m,平均煤厚4.0 m,含1~3层夹矸,合计厚0.2~0.55 m。14210工作面过沟段宽度为283 m,上覆新鲜基岩厚约16.65 m,风化基岩厚约5.1 m,风化的基岩之上分布有1.2~2.5 m的疏松砂层,如图1所示。

2 沟谷区域浅埋煤层开采地表损害影响范围

2.1 数值模型构建

依据张家峁煤矿14210工作面钻孔揭露的地层资料及地表等高线等数据,通过Rhino3D进行地表地貌建模[35],如图2(a)所示。之后采用FLAC3D进行地下地层建模,最终得出模型尺寸为长×宽×高=4 800 m×3 500 m×93 m(最大高度)[36-39],如图2(b)所示。为了更好描述土壤和岩石的剪切损害,采用Mohr-Coulomb模型进行计算[40-41],其岩性、岩层厚度及岩石力学参数如表1所示。为了模拟实际情况,确定其模型边界条件如下:①模型左右前后应限制其水平运动;②模型下边界定义为全约束条件,限制其水平和垂直运动;③模型上边界定义为自由边界,其水平和垂直运动相对较大。

最终,初始模型通过计算达到初始平衡状态,得出过沟地形条件下初始应力场,如图2(c)所示。此外,为了消除模型边界的影响,模型前后各留250 m的边界煤柱,从右向左依次开采4-2煤层,每步开采100 m,总共模拟开采30步,总共模拟开采长度为3 000 m,如图2(d)所示。根据地表坡向和工作面开采方向,将过沟开采分成正向坡开采(地表坡向和工作面开采方向一致)、沟底开采和反向坡开采(地表坡向和工作面开采方向相反)。

2.2 沟谷区域浅埋煤层开采地表损害影响范围

沟谷地形条件下,煤层采动引起沟谷坡体发生剪切破坏,对地表损害严重。因此,基于最大切应力理论,当土体内部某个面上的剪切应力达到了其抗剪强度,土体稳定平衡遭到破坏,其中某一点处剪切应力$\tau $可通过这一点处最大主应力与最小主应力计算得出,即

$\tau =\frac{{\sigma }_{1}-{\sigma }_{2}}{2}sin2\beta $

式(1)中:σ1、σ2分别为某一点处的最大主应力和最小主应力;β为剪切应力$\tau $作用平面与最大主应力σ1作用面的夹角。

通过FLAC3D数值计算,得出14210工作面4-2煤层开采推进过程中地表最大剪切应力分布图,如图3所示。可以看出,正向坡开采时,在切眼和煤壁处形成最大剪切应力集中区,并滞后于工作面推进距离;沟底和反向坡开采时,最大剪切应力集中区超前于工作面推进距离。当工作面推进至3 000 m时,在正向坡和反向坡最大剪切应力集中明显,在沟底处发生贯通,且越接近坡顶剪切应力集中程度越明显,坡顶处最大剪切应力达到1.0 MPa,对地表损害越严重。

3 沟谷区域浅埋煤层开采地表损害特征及应变规律

在得出沟谷区域浅埋煤层开采下地表损害影响范围的基础上,采用相似材料模拟的方法并结合VIC-3D监测系统[42-43],进一步分析沟谷区域浅埋煤层开采下地表损害特征及应变规律。

3.1 相似材料模型构建

依据14210工作面钻孔揭露的地层资料,并考虑到实验实际条件,确定模型几何相似比为1∶100。模型按照岩层分层铺设相似材料,为了满足相似材料与天然岩石相似性要求,本次模型选取河沙为骨料,石膏和大白粉为胶结物按不同配比,模拟不同软硬的岩层,以云母粉模拟层与层间的层理面。土∶沙∶油=4.5∶4.5∶1的配比模拟上覆红土层。并根据式(2)计算模拟岩层材料的质量,相似材料配比如表2所示。

$G=Lbh{\gamma }_{\rho }$

式(2)中:G为模拟岩层材料质量;L为模拟岩层长度;b为模拟岩层宽度;h为模拟岩层厚度;γρ为模拟岩层密度。

最终得到浅埋煤层过沟开采实验模型,其模型的几何尺寸为长×宽×高=4 m×0.2 m×0.93 m(最大高度),如图4所示。

相似材料模拟实验过程中,VIC-3D监测系统由相机(图像采集系统)、照明系统、相机平衡支架等其他辅助设备组成。通过自动追踪相似材料模型表面散斑图像[44-45],对覆岩与地表进行水平及垂直应变分析,实验中VIC-3D监测系统布置示意图如图5所示。

3.2 沟谷区域浅埋煤层开采地表损害特征分析

模型自然风干后,模型左右各留设30 cm的边界煤柱,按照时间相似比依次从左到右模拟4-2煤层开采,每次开采10 cm,累计回采34次,共推进340 cm,相当于实际开采340 m,下文均以实际数据进行描述。

随着工作面的推进,采空区范围不断增大,覆岩中发育的上行裂隙不断向上发育,且与地表发育的下行裂隙发生贯通,形成地裂缝。不同地貌条件下地表呈不同损害特征,当正向坡开采结束后,总共发育8条地裂缝,分别记为T1~T8,裂缝间距范围为8~28 m,平均间距为13.4 m,发育形态总体呈负台阶状(台阶倾向与工作面回采方向一致),如图6所示。

当工作面推进至沟底时,总共发育5条地裂缝,分别记为T9~T13,裂缝间距范围为4~12 m,平均间距为6.4 m,发育形态呈闭合或隆起;当工作面推进至反向坡时,总共发育7条地裂缝,分别记为T14~T20,裂缝间距为5~27 m,平均间距为12.1 m,发育形态总体呈正台阶状(台阶倾向与工作面回采方向相反)地裂缝,如图7所示。

通过横向对比地裂缝发育宽度、台阶高度,得出坡面台阶状地裂缝越接近坡顶发育宽度和台阶高度越明显,坡顶T1、T20地裂缝最大发育宽度达到1.6 m和1.2 m,台阶高度达到0.9 m和1.8 m;沟底隆起状地裂缝越接近沟底中央隆起越明显,最大隆起达到1.3 m,验证其数值模拟结果。另外,从地裂缝发育数目及间距得出沟底区域的地裂缝密集程度相比坡面两侧地裂缝密集程度较高。

3.3 沟谷区域浅埋煤层开采地表损害应变规律

当模拟工作面开采结束后,通过VIC-3D应变分析系统分别得到覆岩及地表的垂直和水平应变等值线图,如图8和图9所示。可以看出,煤层采动下导致覆岩及地表出现垂直应变集中区域,工作面开采完成后垂直应变集中区域主要分布在沟底及接近沟底两侧的坡面上,且越接近沟底垂直应变集中程度越明显。同理,地表水平应变集中区域主要分布在坡面两侧,且越接近坡顶水平应变集中程度越明显,最大水平应变值达到0.025。

随着工作面的推进地表垂直及水平应变呈现不同的动态变化,分别选取正向坡T4地裂缝、沟底T10地裂缝、反向坡T17地裂缝进行动态应变监测,得出随着工作面的推进地裂缝垂直及水平应变变化规律。随着工作面的推进,T4、T10和T17地裂缝垂直应变均呈“增大-减小-稳定不变”动态变化规律,且煤层开采结束后沟底T10和反向坡T17地裂缝始终处于高垂直应变集中,如图10所示;而T4、T10和T17地裂缝水平应变呈不同动态变化规律,正向坡T4地裂缝水平应变值先快速增大后保持稳定,沟底T10地裂缝水平应变值先增大后减小,反向坡T17地裂缝水平应变值呈“增大-减小-增大-稳定不变”,煤层开采结束后正向坡T4和反向坡T17地裂缝始终处于高水平应变集中,其水平应变值分别为0.025和0.023,如图11所示。

4 结论

(1)量化分析了沟谷区剪切应力集中现象,发现了正向坡应力集中区滞后、反向坡超前的时空分布特征。浅埋煤层开采引起沟谷区坡面形成剪切应力集中,正向坡开采下剪切应力集中区滞后于工作面推进距离,沟底及反向坡开采下剪切应力集中区超前于工作面推进距离。相比沟底,坡顶最大剪切应力集中程度明显,对地表损害更严重。

(2)明确了坡面台阶状地裂缝(正向坡负台阶状、反向坡正台阶状)和沟底闭合/隆起状地裂缝两类典型损害形态及其发育规律,发现坡顶地裂缝最大发育宽度达1.6 m,台阶高度达1.8 m。沟谷区地表损害特征为坡面台阶状地裂缝、沟底闭合或隆起状地裂缝,越接近坡顶台阶状地裂缝发育宽度和台阶高度越明显,越接近沟底中央隆起状地裂缝隆起越明显,且沟底地裂缝密集程度相比坡面地裂缝密集程度较高。

(3)沟谷区浅埋煤层开采下地表垂直应变集中区域主要分布在沟底及接近沟底的坡面上,水平应变集中区域主要分布在坡面两侧。地表垂直应变值随工作面的推进均呈“增大-减小-稳定不变”的动态变化规律,而地表水平应变值在不同地貌条件下随工作面推进呈不同动态变化规律,即正向坡水平应变值先快速增大后保持稳定,沟底水平应变值先增大后减小,反向坡水平应变值呈 “增大-减小-增大-稳定不变”的动态变化规律,为预测模型提供了理论基础。

(4)针对张家峁煤矿实际工况,将Rhino3D三维地貌建模与FLAC3D数值模拟相结合,构建了精确的沟谷地形三维地质模型,同时采用VIC-3D光学非接触应变测量系统进行相似材料模拟实验,形成了“数值模拟-物理模拟-现场验证”的完整研究链条。使用VIC-3D系统实现了开采过程中地表应变场的非接触式、高精度动态监测,突破了传统监测方法的时空限制,能够捕捉地表损害演变的瞬态特征。同时,将沟谷区域开采过程细分为正向坡开采、沟底开采和反向坡开采3种典型地貌条件,分别研究其地表损害特征,建立了地貌类型与损害模式之间的对应关系。

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基金资助

陕西省自然科学基础研究计划(2023-JC-YB-272)

国家重点研发计划(2022YFF1303304)

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