1 College of Electrical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
2 Goldwind Science and Technology Ltd., Urumqi 830015, China
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文章历史+
Received
Published
Revised
2025-03-24
2026-01-18
2025-10-28
Online Date
2026-09-20
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摘要
光伏等新能源及储能系统基于电力电子接口融入微电网,其低惯量问题显著,面临严峻的频率稳定风险。为了改善微电网频率动态特性,利用模型预测控制(model predictive control, MPC)协同优化外环与内环,提出了一种基于级联模型预测(cascaded model predictive control, CMPC)的虚拟同步机(virtual synchronous generator, VSG)控制策略。在外环,利用MPC的滚动优化,对输入VSG的有功功率参考值进行实时修正。在内环,优化通过两个阶段寻找最优电压矢量(voltage vector, VV)的离散空间矢量模型预测控制(discrete space vector model predictive control, DSVM-MPC)方法,减少跟踪外环输出误差,使频率控制更为精确。仿真结果表明,所提策略能够提升频率响应和限流效果,避免频率过冲。
Abstract
Photovoltaic and other renewable energy sources, along with energy storage systems, are integrated into microgrids through power electronic interfaces. This results in a significant low-inertia issue, posing severe frequency stability risks. To enhance the frequency dynamic performance of microgrids, VSG(virtual synchronous generator) control strategy based on CMPC(cascaded model predictive control) was proposed, leveraging MPC(model predictive control) to collaboratively optimize both the outer and inner loops. In the outer loop, the rolling optimization capability of MPC was utilized to dynamically adjust the active power reference input to the VSG in real time. In the inner loop, DSVM-MPC(discrete space vector model predictive control) method was employed, which optimizes the selection of the optimal VV(voltage vector) through a two-stage process. This approach minimizes tracking errors from the outer loop output, leading to more precise frequency control. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed strategy improves frequency response and current limiting performance while effectively preventing frequency overshoot.
PANG Guang-long, WANG Hai-yun, FANG Zhong.
Frequency Regulation Control Strategy Based on Cascaded Model Predictive Control for Virtual Synchronous Machines[J].
Science Technology and Engineering, 2026, 26(2): 631-641 DOI:10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2501978
目前,VSG控制在微电网中已经广泛应用[4],VSG控制技术已有较多研究。文献[5]通过实时调节虚拟电阻和虚拟电感大小,自适应补偿动态过程中有功功率与无功功率间的耦合分量动态地消除VSG功率环路之间的耦合,进一步提高VSG功率的动态响应性能。文献[6]将蓄电池荷电状态容量变化通过储能协调控制器生成VSG的部分有功参考值协调自适应转动惯量、阻尼调节系统频率。文献[7]利用一阶滞后环节构造暂态电磁功率,从而增加系统暂态下的等效阻尼,实现VSG并联运行时的有功振荡抑制。目前,关于降低频率偏移和频率变化率(rate of change of frequency,ROCOF)常用的方法是对虚拟转动惯量J和虚拟阻尼系数D进行调节控制,文献[8]使J和D在运行中同时关联VSG输出角频率的偏差量和变化率,以达到平抑频率波动的目的。文献[9]基于径向基函数的J和D补偿自适应控制策略,实现使系统的阻尼随着系统频率的变化进行动态调整。文献[10]基于有功微分补偿改进J自适应控制,改善频率响应。但该方法缺乏实时在线优化调整,控制策略的精度不高。因此,能够进行实时优化,易于增加约束、动态响应快、鲁棒性强的模型预测控制(model predictive control, MPC)被广泛应用[11]。
上述研究主要针对外环,内环仍然使用基于比例积分(proportional integrator, PI)控制的电压电流双闭环,无法降低电流或电压追踪误差[21]。文献[22]在内环应用故障容错模型预测控制,通过直流电流和单电压矢量的预测电流实现重构三相电流。文献[23]将模型预测电流控制作为VSG内环,应用有限集模型预测控制(finite control set model predictive control,FSC-MPC),实现了更快的有功功率动态响应,但不能明显改善频率响应,且VSG输出电压电流谐波含量较大。文献[24]提出一种基于三电压矢量的虚拟同步发电机模型预测电流控制(virtual synchronous generator-model predictive control,VSG-MPCC)策略选择出合适的电压矢量调制并网逆变器,有效降低谐波含量,但该方法在改善频率响应方面的作用仍然有限。
综上所述,现提出一种基于级联模型预测控制的VSG控制策略。在外环,建立代价函数为频率增量与输入功率增量的预测模型,通过二次规划计算出补偿的有功功率并进行修正,并将修正后的有功功率前馈给储能系统。在内环,提出一种关于电压和电流的双目标代价函数,以优化离散空间矢量模型预测控制(discrete space vector model predictive control, DSVM-MPC)的追踪精度,DSVM-MPC寻找最优电压矢量(voltage vector, VV)的过程主要分为两个阶段,即第一阶段搜寻VV的最优相位,第二阶段搜寻VV的最优幅值,最后进行调制。以改善微电网的频率响应特性,提高微电网运行稳定性,为高比例可再生能源接入条件下微电网系统频率动态性能下降的问题提供参考。
1 VSG调频控制原理
所采用的微电网并网系统拓扑结构如图1所示,由光伏组件、储能系统、直流-直流(direct current to direct current converter,DC-DC)变换器、并网逆变器、公共连接点(point of common coupling, PCC)以及负荷组成。DC-DC变换器实现最大功率跟踪,储能系统是单一类型储能或多种类型储能,VSG控制施加在并网逆变器上用来维持微电网频率稳定。
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