Composites Collaborative Optimization and Multi-dimensional Evaluation of Electro-thermal Coupling Systems Based on Dynamic Carbon Flow Propagation Mechanisms
To address the elevated calculation deviations of carbon emission intensity (CEI) caused by the neglect of thermal network transmission delays and adsorption effects in conventional static carbon flow models, along with the exacerbated challenges in low-carbon synergistic optimization due to heterogeneous multi-agent decision conflicts in electro-thermal coupled systems, a dynamic carbon flow tracking model (DCFTM) was developed. Thermodynamic transport equations were coupled with Langmuir adsorption kinetics to quantify transmission delay and adsorption buffering effects. A hierarchical master-slave-coalition game framework was constructed, where elastic carbon quota constraints of the power grid were coordinated with dynamic thermal storage regulation through spatiotemporal decoupling strategies and adaptive learning rate mechanisms. Simultaneously, structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to analyze the dynamic correlation mechanisms among the dynamic carbon efficiency index (DCEI), economic cost sensitivity (ECS), and collaborative equilibrium degree (CED).Experimental results demonstrated that the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) of CEI is reduced from 22.1% (static model) to 2.9% by the DCFTM, validating the necessity of adsorption kinetics modeling. In a 30-node power grid and 6-node thermal network system, the proposed algorithm achieves a 37.5% reduction in total carbon emissions and 15.6% operational cost savings, with the Pareto solution set surpassing traditional algorithm performance boundaries. SEM path coefficient analysis revealed that the enhancement effect of collaborative equilibrium on carbon efficiency is significantly stronger than the inhibitory effect of economic regulation. Moreover, the synergistic strategy combining higher carbon pricing with wind power penetration is shown to alleviate the low-carbon economic conflict, reducing the path coefficient of carbon efficiency to total cost by 17.3%.
LI Er-chao, LIAO Min-rui.
Composites Collaborative Optimization and Multi-dimensional Evaluation of Electro-thermal Coupling Systems Based on Dynamic Carbon Flow Propagation Mechanisms[J].
Science Technology and Engineering, 2026, 26(1): 191-204 DOI:10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2501812
全球能源系统正经历以低碳化为核心的深度变革,电热综合能源系统(integrated electricity-heat energy system, IEHES)凭借其能源梯级利用效率高、多能互补灵活性强的优势,成为支撑高比例可再生能源消纳的关键载体[1-2],例如国网江苏电力在金坛投运的“电热耦合多能形态”智能微电网示范项目,通过耦合光伏发电与储热系统,实现蒸汽制备成本降低50%,验证了电热协同的降本潜力。
当碳流传输过程存在动态不确定性时,传统优化方法难以协调电网与热网间的多主体利益博弈。也就是说IEHES中电网运营商、热网运营商与分布式能源聚合商(DER aggregator, DERA)等多主体间存在利益目标冲突:电网侧追求低碳调度,热网侧侧重经济性,而DERA则关注收益最大化[8]。现有协同优化方法多采用集中式优化或单一博弈框架,如文献[9]提出的联盟博弈模型虽能刻画DERA协作关系,但未有效处理电网-热网间的层级决策依赖性;文献[10]采用交替方向乘子法(alternating direction method of multipliers,ADMM)求解主从博弈问题,但在30节点电网-6节点热网耦合系统中求解耗时长,难以满足实时调度需求。在国内工程实践中,国网吉林电力构建的“电网-城市供热系统协同能量管理系统”覆盖41座风电场、47座储热式电采暖站及超过400座换热站,通过热惯性动态等值模型实现风电消纳与供热需求的实时平衡,验证了分层博弈架构在大型系统中的可行性。
式(27)中:ECS-1为经济成本敏感度倒数,体现系统对电价、碳价波动的逆向敏感性,原始ECS由边际成本弹性分析得到;α1为CED对DCEI的路径系数,无量纲,量化协同性提升对碳效能的贡献强度,通过偏最小二乘法(partial least squares regression,PLS)估计;α2为ECS-1对DCEI的路径系数,表征经济性调控对碳效能的抑制效应,负值表明ECS与DCEI存在权衡关系;β1为DCEI对总成本Jtotal的路径系数,负值反映碳效能提升需以短期经济成本增加为代价;β2为CED对总成本Jtotal的路径系数,正值说明协同性优化可降低系统运行成本;κ1、κ2为模型残差项,
电网侧的CEI三维曲面图如图6(a)显示,X轴1~30号节点对应电网各母线,Y轴为24 h时间序列,Z轴CEI值通过颜色梯度映射碳排放强度。其中,燃气机组所在节点(G1、G2、G8)的CEI值显著高于其他节点,其Z轴值域集中在0.75~0.95 kg CO2/(kW·h),与案例参数中燃气机组碳排放强度基准值0.8 kg CO2/(kW·h)一致。这些节点在每日08:00—12:00及18:00—22:00的峰时段呈现CEI值的周期性抬升,峰值较谷时段平均增加12.3%,这源于实时电价驱动的机组出力调整:峰时段高电价激励燃气机组提升功率输出,而燃料消耗量的增加直接推高CEI。相比之下,风电场节点(G5、G11、G13)的CEI值始终低于0.05 kg CO2/(kW·h),且波动幅度不足1%,验证了可再生能源的低碳特性。值得注意的是,储能节点(G7、G22)的CEI表现出独特的“充放电相位差”:充电时段(如凌晨低电价期)CEI值受电网边际碳排放影响,可达0.4 kgCO2/(kW·h);放电时段(峰期)CEI则归零,体现储能的“碳时移”能力。这种时空异质性表明,电网节点的CEI不仅取决于设备类型,更受调度策略与市场信号的动态影响。
热网侧的CEI三维曲面图, 如图6(b)显示中,X轴31~36号节点对应热网6个节点,其CEI分布呈现显著的空间衰减与时间延迟效应。燃气锅炉所在节点H1(X=31)的CEI值全天最高,峰时段达0.78 kg CO2/(kW·h),较相邻节点H2(X=32)高出41.2%。这种差异源自热力传输过程中的碳流衰减:随着热水从H1沿环形管网向远端节点(H4、H5)流动,管壁散热导致介质温度下降,而吸附作用进一步滞留部分碳流,使得远端节点CEI值降低。时间维度上,H1的CEI峰值出现在09:30,较电网侧燃气机组G1的08:00峰值滞后1.5 h,与案例中热网管道传输延迟参数(50 min)及吸附动力学模型的计算结果吻合。此外,热网CEI曲线的波动幅度较电网侧降低约15%,例如H1的峰谷差为0.32 kg CO2/(kW·h),而G1的峰谷差为0.38 kg CO2/(kW·h)。这种平滑效应归因于管材吸附作用对碳浓度波动的缓冲:当热负荷快速变化时,吸附-解吸附动态平衡吸收短期碳流波动,避免CEI值的剧烈跳变。相比之下,若采用静态模型(忽略吸附效应),H1的CEI波动幅度将增加至0.37 kg CO2/(kW·h),与第一章节中吸附效应降低16.7%波动幅度的结论一致。
时间序列图如图7所示,进一步揭示了多能源耦合系统的碳流交互机制。燃气机组节点G1的CEI曲线呈现双峰特征,峰值严格对应电价峰时段,验证了经济性驱动对碳排放的直接影响。然而,热网节点H1的CEI峰值不仅滞后于G1,其波形还因吸附效应而呈现“右侧拖尾”:在22:00电价谷时段结束后,H1的CEI值仍维持高位约2 h,表明管网中残留碳流的缓慢释放。这一现象与“低负荷时段碳滞留”的实验结论相符,凸显动态模型对夜间碳排误差的修正能力。风电场节点G5的CEI曲线则近乎平缓,其微小波动[±0.008 kg CO2/(kW·h]反映了风电预测误差导致的边际碳排放变化。特别地,在14:00—16:00风电出力骤降期间,G5的CEI值轻微上升至0.048 kg CO2/(kW·h),说明系统需调用备用机组补偿功率缺额,从而短暂增加该节点的边际碳排放强度。
从优化潜力看,三维图中CEI的时空差异为调度策略提供了关键指引。在电网侧,燃气机组G1在谷时段的CEI[0.72 kg CO2/(kW·h)]较峰时段[0.85 kg CO2/(kW·h)]降低15.3%,若在此阶段提升其出力比例,可在满足热需求的同时减少系统总碳排放。热网侧的H3、H5节点因储热罐的调节作用,其CEI在20:00—22:00的峰时段较直接供热降低22%,表明储热设备可通过“热能时移”削弱高碳时段的热力负荷。此外,热泵节点H4的CEI曲线与电网侧储能节点G7、G22呈现负相关性:当G7放电时(CEI=0),H4的CEI同步下降至0.12 kg CO2/(kW·h),说明储能供电可显著降低热泵的间接碳排放。这种跨系统的协同效应验证了主从-联盟博弈架构的必要性,即通过协调电网与热网的异质时间尺度,可解锁储能-储热-热泵联合优化路径,实现碳经济性的帕累托改进。
如图10所示,从PSO到本文算法,CEI的基础值[0.7 kg CO2/(kW·h)→0.4 kg CO2/(kW·h)]、波动振幅[0.3 kg CO2/(kW·h)→0.15 kg CO2/(kW·h)]和随机噪声[0.1 kg CO2/(kW·h)→0.03 kg CO2/(kW·h)]逐级递减,本文算法以最低CEI范围[0.25 kg CO2/(kW·h)~0.65 kg CO2/(kW·h)]和无颜色截断的表现验证其最优性能;所有算法均呈现约8 h周期性波动和每5个节点的横向空间条纹,但本文算法通过π/2相位偏移使峰值延后约6 h,优化了时空协调性;PSO因高噪声(0.1)呈现明显斑块,而本文算法噪声仅为PSO的30%,纵向平滑性最佳,且颜色分布以蓝绿色主导(对比PSO的红黄色),直观反映碳排放强度降低42.9%的同时,时空波动幅度减少50%,综合体现其在稳定性与动态调控上的优势。
提出的“主从博弈引导全局+联盟博弈促进局部”分层架构,通过时空解耦策略和自适应学习率机制(收敛速度提升2.3倍),实现经济性(成本降低15.6%)与低碳性(CEI降幅37.5%)的协同优化。对比传统算法(PSO、ADMM等),帕累托解集突破高碳区域(碳排放180~220 t CO2),协同均衡度(CED>0.85 p.u.)显著优于基准方法。
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