西部地区覆岩中普遍存在厚度较大、岩性复杂的弱胶结岩层，给区域煤炭安全开采带来了巨大隐患。以石拉乌素煤矿巨厚弱胶结覆岩下厚煤层深部开采为工程背景，采用理论分析与有限元数值模拟相结合的方法，研究了岩层与地表移动变形的特殊性，分析了采动覆岩能量积聚及演化特征。结果表明：开采宽深比小于0.88时，志丹群砂岩层对地表起着关键的控制作用，各层位岩层尚未发生破断，导致开采前期地表下沉明显偏小，当宽深比达到1.31时，关键岩层发生破断，地表下沉急剧增大；随着开采区域面积的增大，上覆岩层能量积聚的范围和量级逐渐增大，顶板位置的震动波能量在走向和倾向方向上分别呈拱形和U形的分布特征；推导了基于复合承载体的“充-垮-留”工作面宽度设计方法，经验证能够有效减小岩层下沉和震动波能量积聚。研究结果可为矿震风险控制与主动防治提供一定参考。

There are generally thick and complex weakly cemented rock layers in the overlying strata of the western region, which pose a huge hidden danger to the safe mining of coal in the area. Taking the deep mining of thick coal seams under the thick weakly cemented overburden of Shilawusu Coal Mine as the engineering background, a combination of theoretical analysis and finite element numerical simulation was used to study the special characteristics of rock strata and surface movement deformation, and to analyze the energy accumulation and evolution characteristics of the overlying rock during mining. The results show that when the width to depth ratio is less than 0.88, the Zhidan Group sandstone layer plays a key controlling role on the surface, and the rock layers in each layer have not yet broken, resulting in significantly smaller surface subsidence in the early stage of mining. When the width to depth ratio reaches 1.31, the key rock layers break and the surface subsidence increases sharply. As the area of the mining zone increases, the range and magnitude of energy accumulation in the overlying rock layers gradually increase. The seismic wave energy at the top plate position exhibits a "arch" and U-shaped distribution characteristics in the strike and dip directions, respectively. A design method for the width of the "filling collapse retention" working face based on composite bearing bodies has been derived, which has been verified to effectively reduce rock subsidence and seismic wave energy accumulation. The research results can provide some reference for the risk control and active prevention of mining earthquakes.