To gain a deeper understanding of the evolution laws governing material failure and damage, the crack initiation, propagation, and interaction mechanisms of brittle materials under various loading conditions were systematically studied using numerical simulations based on the peridynamic theory. The results demonstrate that the bond-based constitutive model derived from integro-differential equations can accurately predict complex fracture phenomena. Numerical simulations of two-dimensional tension tests with circular holes and three-point bending tests with offset cracks further validate its accuracy and effectiveness in simulating single crack propagation. Furthermore, pre-cracked double-crack systems under different initial inclination angles (30°, 60°, 90°) exhibit angle-dependent mechanical coupling mechanisms. As the inclination angle decreases, propagation modes transition from independent development to mutual interaction, presenting significant asymmetric characteristics. In addition, double cracks under small-angle configurations demonstrate evident cooperative failure features, ultimately forming interconnected fracture surfaces. The peridynamic numerical simulation method accurately predicts single crack propagation behavior and effectively simulates damage evolution and interaction mechanisms in multiple crack systems. These findings provide new theoretical foundations for analyzing complex crack behavior in brittle materials and assessing the safety of multi-crack structures.
传统的断裂力学数值模拟方法,如有限元法(finite element method,FEM)[10],尽管在模拟结构变形方面取得了一定成功[11-13],但受限于连续介质假设和网格依赖性的固有缺陷。当问题涉及裂纹扩展或断裂、有限元法时,需要事先定义裂纹路径或使用额外技巧,如扩展有限元法(extended finite element method,XFEM)或自适应网格[14-15],XFEM在处理复杂裂纹分叉及多裂纹相互作用问题上仍存在困难,特别是在非线性材料行为下表现不理想。相比之下,离散元法(discrete element method,DEM)[16]提供了一种从颗粒尺度出发的解决方案,能够灵活模拟材料的不连续性和复杂裂纹行为。但其在处理连续体问题、复杂几何和应力场分析等方面存在显著的局限性,复杂几何边界条件处理困难,限制了其工程应用。因此,如何有效地模拟和预测这些复杂裂纹行为,仍是材料力学领域的重大挑战。
裂行为,指出当前近场动力学方法在岩石破裂过程模拟中存在的主要问题和未来值得开展的若干研究课题。左建平等[22]对含偏置缺口玄武岩进行原位三点弯曲细观断裂研究。秦远等[23]结合近场动力学方法分析了裂纹初始倾斜角、初始长度等因素对含多裂纹三点弯矩梁结构承载能力的影响。冯强等[24]基于近场动力学理论研究了岩石在不同应力路径下的损伤演化规律,证明了该方法能有效模拟复杂应力条件下的材料响应。吴亮等[25]利用近场动力学方法研究了含孔隙混凝土在单轴压缩下的裂纹萌生与扩展行为,并通过试验结果验证了数值模拟的准确性。Yang等[26]采用近场动力学成功模拟了单非直裂纹砂岩在单轴压缩下的裂纹扩展行为,揭示了裂纹角度对裂纹萌生位置及扩展模式的影响规律。马鹏飞等[27]引入表征岩石材料破坏特性的应变能密度(strain energy density,SED)准则,模拟了含双平行裂纹岩石在单轴压缩条件下的裂纹扩展过程,Li等[28]揭示了闭合裂纹在单轴压缩下翼型裂纹的扩展规律,表明摩擦因数与裂纹倾角对扩展路径具有显著调控作用。Sun等[29]基于键型模型提出了一种新的本构模型,考虑了非局部长程力的内部长度,揭示裂纹的复杂传播机制。Li等[30]进一步将键型近场动力学应用于含双平行裂纹砂岩的力学性能研究,研究发现随着裂纹倾角的增加,试样的峰值强度、弹性模量和泊松比逐渐增加,总结出在单轴压缩下双裂纹砂岩具有拉伸失效、剪切失效和共轭剪切失效3种失效模式,但其并没有研究多裂纹之间相互作用的机理,对多裂纹的扩展研究机理不够深入。
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