水平井堵塞机理及解堵技术研究现状及展望

白海涛; 罕柯孜·依斯拉木江; 高帅; 孙玉强; 高小键; 周棋舒; 马云

doi:10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2500859

科学技术与工程 ›› 2026, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (1) :21-29 DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2500859

石油、天然气工业

水平井堵塞机理及解堵技术研究现状及展望

作者信息 +

Research Status and Prospect of Plugging Mechanism and Plugging Removal Technology for Horizontal Wells

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

随着油气资源的持续开采,水平井凭借其较大的泄油面积在各类油气藏中得到广泛应用,有力地推动了国内外油气产量的提升,于油气开采领域具有至关重要的意义。然而,开采过程中水平井的堵塞问题成为高效生产的关键制约因素。水平井因井段长、轨迹复杂且受多相流态的影响,堵塞类型复杂多样,包括结垢、石蜡和沥青质沉积、砂粒堵塞、井筒腐蚀等,严重影响油井生产效率和开采效能。因此,深入了解水平井堵塞原因并探寻相应解堵方法对确保油田正常开采极为必要。综合分析了油田水平井常见堵塞类型,在此基础上介绍了物理解堵、化学解堵及多元复合解堵等国内外主要解堵技术,探讨了堵塞检测与预测方法的现状,并提出水平井解堵未来的研究重点与发展趋势,以期为后续水平井解堵决策提供指导。

Abstract

With the continuous exploitation of oil and gas resources, horizontal wells have been widely applied in various oil and gas reservoirs due to their large oil discharge area, which has effectively promoted the increase of domestic and international oil and gas production and is of vital significance in the field of oil and gas extraction. However, the clogging problem of horizontal wells during the mining process has become a key constraint on efficient production. Horizontal wells, due to their long well sections, complex trajectories and the influence of multiphase flow patterns, have diverse types of blockages, including scaling, paraffin and asphaltene deposition, sand particle blockages, and wellbore corrosion, which seriously affect the production efficiency and exploitation performance of oil wells. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to have a thorough understanding of the causes of horizontal well blockage and explore corresponding unblocking methods to ensure the normal exploitation of oil fields. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on the common clogging types of horizontal wells in oil fields. On this basis, the main clogging technologies at home and abroad, such as physical clogging, chemical clogging and multi-component composite clogging were introduced. The current status of clogging detection and prediction methods was discussed, and the future research focus and development trend of horizontal well clogging were proposed, with the aim of providing guidance for subsequent horizontal well clogging decision-making.

Graphical abstract

关键词

油田水平井 / 堵塞特征 / 堵塞机理 / 解堵方法

Key words

oilfield horizontal wells / plugging characteristics / plugging mechanism / plugging removal methods

引用本文

引用格式 ▾

白海涛, 罕柯孜·依斯拉木江, 高帅, 孙玉强, 高小键, 周棋舒, 马云. 水平井堵塞机理及解堵技术研究现状及展望[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2026, 26(1): 21-29 DOI:10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2500859

BAI Hai-tao, ISLAMJAN Hankiz, GAO Shuai, SUN Yu-qiang, GAO Xiao-jian, ZHOU Qi-shu, MA Yun. Research Status and Prospect of Plugging Mechanism and Plugging Removal Technology for Horizontal Wells[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2026, 26(1): 21-29 DOI:10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2500859

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常规油气资源日益枯竭及全球能源需求不断增长,页岩油气等非常规资源已成为国内外勘探开发的热门领域,这些资源是通过技术发展获得的,尤其是在钻探领域^[1-2]。传统直井主要依赖地层自身的渗透性,而水平井则能够更精确地控制井眼的方向,进而增加了油井与目标油藏之间的接触面积^[3-5],适用于常规技术难以有效动用的薄油层,低渗、低压、稠油等类型油藏的开采^[6]。

随着油田水平井开采时间延长,由于井筒内温度和压力的改变、入井流体伤害、设备腐蚀等原因导致发生堵塞现象,影响油田正常生产,严重时会迫使油井减产、停产^[7]。鉴于水平井具有复杂的井身轨迹与流动特性,使得水平井在堵塞位置、堵塞程度及堵塞速度等方面与传统直井存在显著差异。因此,现对近几年油田水平井井筒堵塞物的形成机制、主要解堵方法及存在的不足进行调研,对后续油田水平井解堵液体系的开发具有重要意义。

1 水平井堵塞特征

水平井井斜角达到或接近90°,并在目的层中维持一定长度的水平井段。由于井身结构的不同,水平井的直井段、斜井段和水平段中固体颗粒受力方式不同,包括固体颗粒自身的重力(G)、来自流体的拖曳力(F_DRAG)、举升力(F_LIFT)和浮力(F_BUO),使得沉积物堆积方式复杂^[8-9]。固体颗粒在水平井不同位置的受力分析如图1所示。

直井中沉积物和固体颗粒一般沿轴向沉降在井底或筛管处沉积,但流体流动阻力很容易抵消固体颗粒的有效重量,因此清理较容易^[10];在水平井中沉积物和固体颗粒会沿井壁均匀分布,堵塞物可能沿着整个水平段存在。此外,由于储层构造差异和钻完井技术限制,水平井通常呈现高低起伏的现象^[11],沉积物在凹陷区积累更多。从流体流动方式来看,直井中流体主要是沿垂直方向流动,堵塞物集中在某一段,只会造成局部堵塞;水平井水平段中流体沿水平方向流动,沉积物和化学反应等引起的堵塞可能影响整个水平段,特别是井筒的末端。从温度和压力分布来看,直井温度和压力变化通常比较均匀,但井底区域的沉积物可能会影响整体流动;水平井可能经历更复杂的温度和压力分布,导致不同类型的沉积物和化学反应发生。由于砂粒等沉积物在水平段内上返速度慢、易二次沉积,因此水平井内清洁作业一直较普通井困难^[12]。

由于水平井的井眼轨迹复杂、堵塞物影响距离长,实时监测堵塞位置和程度较直井更加困难,成本更高。因此,需要进一步研究适合油田水平井的解堵方法。

2 水平井堵塞类型及其机理

常见的堵塞物主要有无机垢、石蜡、沥青质、泥沙、固体颗粒及腐蚀物等,堵塞物可能会相互吸附或包裹,形成更大的堵塞团块,严重时会导致停产。

2.1 无机垢堵塞

在油田开采中后期,温度、压力和流速等参数的变化会破坏原来离子之间的平衡,导致成垢离子之间反应形成的水垢颗粒聚集并沉积在圆柱体壁上导致结垢,不仅造成井筒堵塞,而且对生产井造成不可逆转的破坏^[13];地层水与外来工作液的不配伍性,也会导致结垢现象,通常有CaCO₃、CaSO₄、BaSO₄和FeSO₄等无机垢。结垢的出现、结垢量和严重程度主要取决于矿物学、水化学、储层压力和温度以及井中采出液的流动特性。此外,较高的pH条件和较高的含水环境会加剧结垢的形成^[14]。

玛湖油田多口水平井在生产过程中均出现管壁结垢现象,油井的垢物主要为CaCO₃,导致井筒堵塞,严重影响了生产效果^[15]。庆城长7页岩油水平井砂垢胶结发生在水平段射孔炮眼附近,呈无规律分布。砂垢胶结物微观呈砂质核结构,二氧化硅核被碳酸亚铁、碳酸钙和硫酸钙胶结成块形貌如图2所示^[16]。三叠系百口泉油田玛131井区由于高阻段岩石富含钙质组分,井场投加的酸液后与之反应,生成成垢离子,而后随着压裂返排液运移到近井地带以及井筒、井口处,随着温度、压力、pH等各项外部环境因素的改变,造成二次沉淀,堵塞原油流道^[17]。

2.2 有机物堵塞

原油中的蜡、胶质和沥青质等在采油过程中随着温度和压力下降析出并沉积在水平井泄油部位。石蜡颗粒之间的相互吸附会导致石蜡生长并不断沉积,导致蜡沉积问题^[18-20],从而减小油管有效内径,如图3所示^[21],增加原油流动阻力,严重时会堵塞油管造成停产。注聚井中存在聚合物滞留、生成胶团及与无机垢交织在一起等原因造成井筒堵塞^[22]。

华庆油田水平井区块,原油含蜡量高、井筒内脱气现象严重、油井存在间歇性出油,井筒脏易形成蜡核等因素影响^[23]。庆城油田长7页岩油井筒结蜡问题导致的作业占比达到30%以上,主要表现为结蜡导致的油杆遇卡、油管堵塞等类型,井筒结出的蜡是包含了蜡与胶质、沥青质、无机质(砂、垢、油泥等)混合而成的半固态至固态物质^[24]。沧东凹陷孔二段高凝-高含蜡页岩油进入析蜡高峰前的累计析蜡量是常规原油的2.5倍,蜡晶形成胶凝趋势,增加原油黏度,降低了输送流动性,页岩油举升过程中易出砂、结蜡,造成井筒堵塞、杆断等复杂情况,严重影响页岩油的高效开发^[25]。阿布扎比陆上油田储层由于沥青质沉积面临重大生产损失,大约50%的井数受到沥青质沉积的影响。很大一部分井来自长的裸眼水平井,这使得沥青质沉积成为运营的技术挑战^[26]。

2.3 出砂造成的堵塞

在水平井开采过程中,由于储层胶结性弱、井筒稳定性差、井筒流体的侵蚀、井下作业期间的振动及地层压力的变化等原因,砂子等地层固体颗粒分离并悬浮,随原油进入生产井筒^[27-28]。如果不及时有效地处理出砂问题,井筒中的砂粒会不断堆积形成砂床,导致井筒堵塞^[29],同时沿井筒输送含生产液的砂粒会导致设备的侵蚀性磨损和损坏^[30]。

2.4 腐蚀造成的堵塞

在长期的采油过程中可能会因为储层中的酸碱性物质以及微生物、存在的氯化物和腐蚀性气体(如CO₂和H₂S)^[31-32]、油井酸化等原因导致设备腐蚀。地层水中的矿物盐、高温和高压、低pH等会促进腐蚀过程。腐蚀产生的沉积物和氧化物可能会在井筒内部沉积导致油井堵塞,例如FeS、FeCO₃和氧化铁,与悬浮固体和乳化油相互作用,形成容易导致堵塞的物质^[33]。腐蚀会增加管壁表面的粗糙度,为蜡晶体的吸附和无机水垢的沉积提供便利,加剧蜡和水垢的形成^[34]。

2.5 支撑剂回流造成的堵塞

水平井水力压裂是最有效的生产增产技术之一,但水力压裂后的油井开发会导致支撑剂从储层中形成的裂缝中活跃地流动并沉降在井筒中形成支撑剂壳^[35],如图4所示。庆城页岩油田在水平井应用增产储层体积压裂技术后,支撑剂回流与结垢问题在储层和井筒中变得更加频繁和严重,导致水平段的洗砂作业更加困难^[36]。

2.6 工艺问题导致的堵塞

泥浆、压裂液等返排不彻底,生产过程中回流在井底聚集形成堵塞物。钻井过程中产生的大颗粒未能被排除滞留堵塞井筒等。水平井采油泵送桥塞压裂工艺改造用的桥塞的卡瓦片及胶片等无法溶解也会造成堵塞^[37]。此外,选择和使用流入井筒的药剂不当也会引起堵塞。

3 水平井堵塞预测和检测方法

通常生产量大幅度降低时,堵塞问题才会引起关注,导致解除堵塞物的成本较大。因此,较早检测或预测井筒的堵塞问题对井筒安全性及开采效率有着重要作用。常见的检测方式有井下工具检测、压力与温度测试、声波测试、软件模拟及取样分析等。近些年来,许多研究者提出和设计各类堵塞检测和预测方法。

Zoveidavianpoor等^[38]初步研发了井下结垢检测工具可以利用传感器和层析成像技术获得井内有机/无机结垢的详细记录,如图5所示,以便监测它们的位置、严重程度和类型。使用开发的传感器可以更好地从井下采集数据,并有助于提高井下除垢的成功率。

Al-Ajmi等^[39]提出一种利用地面注入数据和单相节流方程来预测水平井井筒内堵塞物的尺寸,无需昂贵的井下干预或停注,有助于更好地了解生产井状况。Deng等^[40]针对中国西北地区某油田油井,基于分子扩散机理建立了井筒蜡沉积动态预测模型,应用效果表明模型预测结果可靠。Abouie等^[41]开发了一个全面的热成分井筒模拟器(UTWELL),并与USGS(United States Geological Survey)最先进的地球化学软件包IPhreeqc相结合,以生成一个强大、准确和灵活的集成模拟器(UTWELL-IPhreeqc)来监测整个井筒的结垢问题,预测比例剖面与现场数据非常吻合。Cheng等^[42]开发了一种分析工具,用于使用深度学习方法根据井历史数据检测和表征结垢。开发的方法可以灵敏地检测结垢的开始,并准确预测结垢的幅度。Yang等^[43]基于沉积和去除质量速率的计算,为胜利油田注水井开发了一种结垢预测软件,将结垢与流体流动过程和注入水沿井筒的传热过程联系起来计算注水井筒中的结垢量。

井筒堵塞预测和检测方法有助于井筒正常生产,但由于井筒内软件模拟与实际情况存在差异、获取的参数具有延迟性、井下工具受油井流体的干扰等客观原因,无法保证数据的高度准确性,检测范围可能有限,有些方法成本太高不能实际应用。

4 水平井解堵方法

4.1 物理解堵

物理解堵技术一般是基于能量或压力的机械方法和物理方法将堵塞物从井眼中排除。目前应用较广泛的物理解堵方法有水力冲砂、常规机械捞砂、连续油管解堵、超声波解堵、水力振荡法、循环脉冲法、高压喷射及水力压裂等。

水力冲砂是利用高压清洗液的强大冲击力将沉积在井筒的砂床冲刷出来,但可能对井壁较软或已受损的区域造成进一步侵蚀^[44]。超声波清洗也是一种机械方法,涉及在液体介质中使用高频声波来去除水垢沉积物^[45]。连续油管可以连续循环各种冲洗流体,并利用流体将落物顶部的碎屑带出井口、可以同时完成钻扫除垢、水力喷射除垢、套铣、冲砂、气举以及打捞多种工艺^[46],在应用过程中与传统钻杆技术相比,更加灵活,同时耐用性更强,从而使该技术能够在复杂井下环境下完成作业,并且能够保持较高的效率^[47]。

Zhou等^[48]提出了一种旋转射流解堵技术,使用旋转喷嘴产生高压水射流直接冲洗井筒,通过高频振荡水动力波和空化噪声能有效去除井筒和筛管堵塞,提高地层渗透性,具有较高的成功率和显著的效果。Aljauydi等^[49]提出具有多向流体流动和空化效应的压力脉动工具,该工具利用滑溜水和胶凝水安全、环保地去除井筒中的硫酸钙垢堵塞,该技术利用压力脉冲工具产生受控的水锤效应,通过空化腐蚀来破坏砂桥、松动颗粒和清除堵塞。成功清除了41 ft的井筒堵塞(1 ft=0.304 8 m),去除了140 kg的累积硫酸钙垢。Wu等^[50]通过建模仿真、优化、监测,在塔里木油田库车前陆区研制了适用于超深井的连续油管设备,包括水力振荡器、旋转喷嘴、水力切割器等现场加长技术及其他9种配套工具,开展了大量除垢、砂洗助剂、清管、冲洗等作业,大幅度降低了成本,但存在事故风险。Xiao等^[51]设计了直旋混合射流工具清除水平井中积累的砂粒,该工具具有较高的轴向和切向速度极值、较强的空化初生能力和空蚀效应、较强的携岩能力。然而,这种能力随着岩屑粒径的增大而降低,增加液体的黏度可以大大提高工具的携岩效率。

物理解堵方式成本较低、对于储层的污染小、操作较简单,但能量消耗高、解堵范围有限、对设备和技术的要求较高。

4.2 化学解堵

化学解堵通常用酸液或化学解堵剂与堵塞物发生化学反应改变其流动性,将其分解或转化为易于流动的物质;溶解堵塞物中的无机盐类或有机物质,减少堵塞物的体积和黏度。某些化学解堵剂在反应过程中会产生热量有助于溶化、分散和悬浮井筒堵塞物。

常见的化学解堵液体系有常规酸化液、缓速酸液、解堵剂与复合解堵液等^[52]。目前油田化学解堵应用比较广泛且效果明显,以下是针对油田水平井堵塞研究的几类化学解堵体系,如表1所示。但化学解堵方法解堵不均匀、针对性单一,生产成本较高、容易对储层和井筒设备产生二次伤害,未来需要进一步优化。

4.3 多元复合型解堵

多元复合型解堵是多种解堵方法作用于一体的解堵法,实现技术优势互补,大大提高了工艺的针对性和适应性,解堵效果明显优于单一的解堵技术。近几年,越来越多油田开始研究并采取多元复合型解堵体系,如表2所示。

4.4 生物解堵

生物解堵法利用生物酶的催化作用来溶解储层中的有机物、无机物、微生物和胶体物。目前已有多种微生物菌株被开发用于油井清蜡,如聚蜡菌、水杨酸杆菌等。这些菌株不仅能够降解蜡沉积,还能通过分泌胞外多糖等物质与油井管壁形成生物膜,从而有效减少蜡的再沉积^[62]。胡黎明^[63]提出基于生物酶的水平井钻井液污染清洗,采用生物酶技术分别清洗了水平井钻井液的油层污染、泥饼污染和抗土污染。

生物解堵法具有环保、高效、低成本等优点,对环境污染小,适用于各种类型的油藏和储层,但对环境适应能力较差、应用范围较小、解堵效果有待进一步提升^[64]。在使用基于生物衍化方法的同时也要注意防止硫酸盐还原细菌和/或生物膜的意外生长^[65]。

5 结论与展望

水平井因井段长、轨迹复杂及多相流态(重力分异、段塞流等)影响,导致堵塞类型多样性和复杂性,存在机械杂质、结垢、有机沉积、生物膜及复合堵塞等,且易聚集于井筒低洼处、近井地带和管柱工具部位。水平井解堵难度显著高于直井,致使现有解堵技术均存在一定局限性。物理解堵是清除固体堵塞的基础手段,却面临工具下入难、清洁不彻底及二次卡阻风险;化学解堵对有机/无机物有效,但长井段处理依赖缓释剂与转向技术保障覆盖均匀性;复合解堵虽逐渐主流,仍需依据堵塞物组分动态优化方案。鉴于水平井解堵作业成本高且可能诱发储层二次伤害,必须严格评估解堵技术对水平井的适应性,并需融合优化钻井完井设计、调控生产制度(避免压力/温度骤变)及注入防垢剂/杀菌剂等预防性措施,从源头控制堵塞风险,维持水平井长期经济开发。未来研究的重点和难点主要集中在以下几个方面。

(1)开发靶向解堵材料,对堵塞部位进行精准解堵。通过物理/化学信号响应(如pH、温度、剪切力)触发解堵反应,使得解堵液体系仅与堵塞物反应,不损伤地层岩石或完井工具。

(2)开发高效解堵工艺,突破连续油管作业限制。研发微型井下机器人,实现水平井段自主巡航检测与局部精准解堵;通过等离子体/超声波物理法等无化学剂解堵技术,减少近井储层污染风险。

(3)发展井筒堵塞监测与智能化诊断融合技术。部署井下检测系统,实时捕捉温度场、振动频谱及流量剖面异常,精准定位堵塞点位,为靶向解堵提供指导;融合生产大数据与机器学习算法,构建堵塞风险动态预测模型,实现早期预警;监测与诊断结合,提高解堵技术的针对性与有效性。

(4)实现全生命周期管理,构建“地质-工程-生产”一体化数字模型,应用数字孪生技术,模拟不同开发阶段的堵塞机理并预演解堵方案经济性,实现从预防到治理的闭环管理。

水平井解堵是涉及多学科交叉的复杂系统工程,未来将向智能化、精准化、绿色化方向发展。通过实时监测预警、靶向解堵技术、全周期管理的结合,才能最大限度降低堵塞风险,释放水平井产能潜力,支撑油气田高效开发。

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