AKT抑制剂在HR+/HER2-乳腺癌或转移性TNBC中的疗效和安全性: 系统综述和随机临床试验的荟萃分析

钟武志 ,  闫涛 ,  李乐慧 ,  张星光 ,  李雅静 ,  张茹 ,  李迪佳 ,  马丽杰 ,  闫金利 ,  张春发 ,  王雅 ,  曹晓东 ,  李婷阳 ,  张楠 ,  张子英

科学技术与工程 ›› 2026, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (4) :1390-1402

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科学技术与工程 ›› 2026, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (4) :1390-1402 DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2409039
医药、卫生

AKT抑制剂在HR+/HER2-乳腺癌或转移性TNBC中的疗效和安全性: 系统综述和随机临床试验的荟萃分析

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Efficacy and Safety of AKT Inhibitors in HR+/HER2-Breast Cancer or Metastatic TNBC:Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

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摘要

为评估丝氨酸-苏氨酸激酶(AKT)抑制剂(Capivasertib和Ipatasertib)对HR+/HER2-乳腺癌或转移性三阴性乳腺癌(triple negative breast cancer,TNBC)患者的疗效和安全性的影响。通过PubMed、Embase和Cochrane Library对AKT抑制剂的相关随机临床试验进行全面检索,纳入5项研究,共1 304名患者。使用Review Manager 5.4.1对结局指标进行分析,如无进展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS),不良反应(adverse events,AEs),总生存期(overall survival,OS),反应持续时间(duration of response,DOR),客观缓解率(objective response rate,ORR)和临床获益率(clinical benefit rate,CBR)。结果表明:与未接受AKT抑制剂治疗的患者相比,接受AKT抑制剂治疗的患者PFS显著改善(MD=2.39;95% CI:[1.06,3.73];P=0.000 5;I2=55%)。但患者接受AKT抑制剂治疗后一些严重AEs的发生率会增加,如感染(OR=1.72;95% CI:[1.09,2.72];P=0.02;I2=0)和高血糖(OR=3.07;95% CI:[1.36,6.93];P=0.007;I2=63%)。可见AKT抑制剂显著延长了转移性TNBC和HR+/HER2-乳腺癌患者的生存期,但患者在接受AKT抑制剂治疗过程中发生的一系列AEs(如:感染、高血糖)提示医生需要依据患者具体情况谨慎合理使用此类药物。

Abstract

In order to evaluate the efficacy and safety of serine-threonine kinase(AKT) inhibitors (Capivasertib and Ipatasertib) in patients with HR+/HER2-breast cancer or metastatic triple negative breast cancer (TNBC),a comprehensive search of randomized clinical trials related to AKT inhibitors was conducted through PubMed,Embase,and the Cochrane Library. Five studies involving a total of 1304 patients were included. Outcomes such as progression-free survival (PFS),adverse events (AEs),overall survival (OS),duration of response (DOR),objective response rate (ORR),and clinical benefit rate (CBR) were analyzed using Review Manager 5.4.1. The results demonstrate that patients treated with AKT inhibitors show a significant improvement in PFS compared to those not receiving AKT inhibitors (MD=2.39;95%CI:[1.06,3.73];P=0.000 5;I2=55%). However,the incidence of certain severe AEs increases in patients treated with AKT inhibitors,such as infections (OR=1.72;95%CI:[1.09,2.72];P=0.02;I2=0) and hyperglycemia (OR=3.07;95% CI:[1.36,6.93];P=0.007;I2=63%). These findings indicate that AKT inhibitors significantly prolong survival in patients with metastatic TNBC and HR+/HER2-breast cancer. Nevertheless,the occurrence of AEs (e.g.,infections,hyperglycemia) during AKT inhibitor treatment suggests that clinicians should use these agents cautiously and judiciously based on individual patient conditions.

Graphical abstract

关键词

激素受体阳性/人表皮生长因子受体2阴性乳腺癌 / 三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC) / Capivasertib / Ipatasertib / AKT抑制剂 / 荟萃分析

Key words

hormone receptor positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative breast cancer / triple negative breast cancer(TNBC) / Capivasertib / Ipatasertib / AKT inhibitor / Meta-analysis

引用本文

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钟武志, 闫涛, 李乐慧, 张星光, 李雅静, 张茹, 李迪佳, 马丽杰, 闫金利, 张春发, 王雅, 曹晓东, 李婷阳, 张楠, 张子英. AKT抑制剂在HR+/HER2-乳腺癌或转移性TNBC中的疗效和安全性: 系统综述和随机临床试验的荟萃分析[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2026, 26(4): 1390-1402 DOI:10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2409039
ZHONG Wu-zhi, YAN Tao, LI Le-hui, ZHANG Xing-guang, LI Ya-jing, ZHANG Ru, LI Di-jia, MA Li-jie, YAN Jin-li, ZHANG Chun-fa, WANG Ya, CAO Xiao-dong, LI Ting-yang, ZHANG Nan, ZHANG Zi-ying. Efficacy and Safety of AKT Inhibitors in HR+/HER2-Breast Cancer or Metastatic TNBC:Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2026, 26(4): 1390-1402 DOI:10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2409039

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2022年,世界卫生组织下属国际癌症研究机构(International Agency for Research on Cancer,IARC)发布了癌症类型患病率的变化,乳腺癌仍然是女性最常见的癌症类型(发病率与死亡率)[1]。根据雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER),孕激素受体(progenstogen receptor,PR)和人表皮生长因子受体2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER2)的状态,乳腺癌分为3种不同类型:激素受体(HR)+/HER2-,HER2+/HR-或HR+和HR-/HER2-[2-3]。对于HR+乳腺癌,内分泌治疗是一种常见且有效的辅助治疗方法[4]。然而,由于乳腺癌的异质性,治疗模式已经转向分子靶向治疗[5]。相反,三阴性乳腺癌(triple negative breast cancer,TNBC)作为最具侵袭性的乳腺癌类型[6],由于其特殊的分子模式,内分泌治疗或HER2靶向治疗对其无效,医生通常采用手术和化疗对其进行治疗[7-8]。尽管如此,治疗过程中的化疗耐药往往也导致频繁转移[9-10],不能有效改善患者的生存期[11]。因此,迫切需要一种更安全和更有效的新治疗策略,特别是对于HR+/HER2-乳腺癌或转移性TNBC。研究表明,乳腺癌的转移和进展与信号通路的激活密切相关[12-13]。其中,磷酸肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K)/丝氨酸-苏氨酸激酶(AKT)途径是乳腺癌中最常见的突变途径[14]。约50%的HR+乳腺癌和25%的TNBC在进展期间表现出AKT途径的激活[15]。此外,AKT抑制剂已被确定为通过调节HER2状态来影响乳腺癌的进展,从而在癌症治疗的有效性和安全性方面发挥关键作用[14,16]。因此,AKT抑制剂的研究对于推进乳腺癌的治疗是必不可少的。
作为PI3K/AKT信号通路的中心节点,AKT的激活与肿瘤细胞的侵袭和转移密切相关[17-18]。此外,它还与肿瘤细胞治疗中的化疗耐药性有关[19-21]。在PI3K/AKT信号通路发生突变的乳腺癌中,约40%是HR+亚型,接受治疗的患者通常会对内分泌治疗产生耐药性[22-24]。同时,AKT抑制剂通过影响程序性死亡配体1 (programmed cell death ligand 1,PD-L1)在TNBC的表达来延缓肿瘤进展,引起了更多的关注[19,25-26]。作为一种新兴的抗乳腺癌药物,AKT抑制剂通过不断的研究和开发,在治疗转移性TNBC和HR+/HER2-乳腺癌方面显示出了前景[27-30]。
Capivasertib (AZD5363)是一种有效的高选择性AKT 1-3亚型口服活性小分子激酶抑制剂[31]。一项随机临床试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT)发现,在接受Capivasertib治疗的ER+/HER2-转移性乳腺癌患者中,紫杉醇的剂量强度和耐受性没有显著变化[32]。研究表明,Capivasertib可以降低Ki67的表达,Ki67是ER+乳腺癌的增殖标志,并与肿瘤进展有潜在的关联[33]。另一种高选择性ATP竞争性小分子口服AKT抑制剂Ipatasertib (GDC-0068)对AKT的3种亚型也表现出相同的抑制作用[34]。一项III期临床试验评估了Ipatasertib在乳腺癌患者中的安全性和有效性[35]。结果显示,服用Ipatasertib对乳腺癌患者的疗效没有影响,这与另一项II期临床试验(LOTUS试验)的评估结果相反[30]。总之,这两种AKT抑制剂对HR+/HER2-乳腺癌或转移性TNBC患者的临床疗效存在争议。因此,对使用AKT抑制剂的临床研究结果进行系统和全面的分析是必要的。现通过严格筛选纳入五项双盲、随机临床研究,为增强研究的稳健性,采用多种标准化的测量指标,分析探究新兴的抗乳腺癌药AKT抑制剂治疗乳腺癌的有效性和安全性。使用Review Manager 5.4.1分析无进展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS)、总生存期(overall survival,OS)、缓解持续时间(duration of response,DOR)、客观缓解率(objective response rate,ORR)、临床受益率(clinical benefit rate,CBR)和不良事件(adverse events,AEs)等指标,评价AKT抑制剂治疗HR+/HER2-和转移性TNBC亚型的有效性和安全性,以期为指导临床合理使用AKT抑制剂治疗乳腺癌提供循证医学证据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 文献检索策略

通过PubMed、Embase和Cochrane Library数据库对相关RCT进行全面搜索,时间跨度从数据库建库到2024年9月。为了避免相关文献的任何遗漏,ClinicalTrials.gov、美国临床肿瘤学会(American Society of Clinical Oncology,ASCO)、欧洲医学肿瘤学会(European Society of Medical Oncology,ESMO)和圣安东尼奥乳腺癌研讨会(San Antonio Breast Cancer Seminar,SABCS)的摘要被手动搜索,并使用类似的检索词进行补充以完善分析。检索词为“乳腺癌”和“AKT抑制剂”(Ipatasertib或Capivasertib)。该荟萃分析根据系统综述和荟萃分析首选报告项目指南(PRISMA) 2020清单进行[36]。

1.2 纳入排除标准

(1)纳入标准。①标准的II期和III期RCTs;②诊断为HR+/HER2-或TNBC的患者;③在试验参与者中,试验组接受包含AKT抑制剂治疗的方案,而对照组用紫杉醇或其他药物加相应的安慰剂方案治疗;④包括生存指标(无进展生存)和安全性指标(不良事件),具有完整和可用的数据;⑤英文研究。

(2)排除标准。①在不同期刊上重复发表相同的研究(如相同的临床注册号);②在数据转换或分析方面有重大偏倚的研究。

1.3 数据分析

主要结果包括研究者评估的无进展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS)和不良事件(adverse events,AEs)。次要结果包括总生存期(overall survival,OS)、客观缓解率(objective response rate,ORR)、缓解持续时间(duration of response,DOR)和临床受益率(clinical benefit rate,CBR)。对于亚组分析,本研究主要基于AKT途径状态、使用(新)辅助化疗、乳腺癌类型和AKT抑制剂类型分析患者的PFS。

1.4 数据提取和偏倚评估

两位作者独立地从纳入的实验文章中提取详细信息。提取内容包括:①文章基本信息:第一作者、发表时间、实验设计类型、研究阶段、中位随访时间;②实验组和对照组的详细情况:样本量(总亚组和AKT亚组)、治疗方案(剂量和给药时间)、乳腺癌类型、年龄和人种构成、肿瘤转移和转移部位、既往化疗线数、化疗方案;③生存指标,包括PFS和OS;④疾病控制率,包括ORR、CBR和DOR;⑤AEs,包括所有级别、3/4级和≥3级AE的发生率。

Cochrane Collaboration偏倚评估工具用于评估7个领域中纳入文章的潜在风险:随机序列生成和分配隐藏(选择偏倚)、参与者和人员盲法(性能偏倚)、结果评估盲法(检测偏倚)、不完整的结果数据(流失偏倚)、选择性结果报告(报告偏倚)和任何其他潜在的偏倚来源。所有领域的评估级别都分为“低风险”“高风险”或“不清楚”。具有4个以上“低风险”分类的测试被确定为低风险高质量测试[37]。

数据提取和偏倚评估由两位系统评价者独立进行。通过双方协商或与第三方评审员协商解决分歧。

1.5 统计方法

使用Review Manager 5.4.1分析数据,通过95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI)、风险比(hazard ratio,HR)、95% CI均数差(mean difference,MD)和95% CI比值比(odds ratio,OR)评估提取的数据。

当文献未报告标准偏差(standard deviation,SD)或标准误差(standard error,SE)但呈现95% CI时,使用RevMan Calculator (https://training.Cochrane.org/resource/RevMan-Calculator)进行转换。如果样本数n≤60,则采用从表中直接转换的方法;对于n>60,使用式(1)计算标准差(SD);对于n>60,转换为标准误(SE),SE计算公式如式(2)所示;对于n≤60,则同样采用从表中直接转换的方法。

$SD={n}^{\frac{0.5(UCL-LCL)}{3.92}}$
$SE=\frac{0.5(UCL-LCL)}{1.96}$

式中:UCL为置信区间上限,95%置信区间的最大值;LCL为置信区间下限,95%置信区间的最小值。

在评估期间,使用OR来反映AKT抑制剂组和对照组之间的暴露差异,表明与对照组相比,AKT抑制剂组中暴露与未暴露个体的比率。该研究还使用HR表示AKT抑制剂组与对照组相比的患病可能性,反映两组中事件的风险。当合并结果时,使用I2检验测量研究间的异质性,计算公式如式(3)所示。对于I2<50%,应用固定效应模型;对于I2>50%,使用随机效应模型进行分析。P≤0.05的显著性水平被认为具有统计学显著性。

I2=$\frac{Q-df}{Q}$×100%

式(3)中:Q为异质性检验的卡方统计量;df为自由度。

2 结果

2.1 文献检索及质量评估

最初的检索策略产生787篇文章,由于搜索结果重复,排除163篇研究,随后排除220篇回顾性研究。在剩下的404篇文章中,有292篇因标题或摘要不符合要求而被排除。对剩余的112篇文章进行全面审查后,排除107篇文章。最终,纳入五项研究:三项关于Capivasertib的研究和两项关于Ipatasertib的研究[29-30,32,35,38],如图1所示。其中一项研究最近发表,有些数据未能获得。

纳入文献的偏倚评估结果如图2所示。值得注意的是,随机序列生成、分配隐藏(选择偏倚)和结果评估盲法(检测偏倚)在四项研究中风险较低。在三项研究中,参与者和人员的盲法(表现偏差)、不完整的结果数据(流失偏差)和选择性结果报告(报告偏差)被认为是低风险的。然而,在一项研究中,结果评估的盲法(检测偏差)是高风险的。总之,五项纳入研究中有三项被证明为高质量,表明纳入文献的总体质量高和风险低。

2.2 数据转化和人群基线特征

荟萃分析包括五项研究,共包含1 304 例患者,其中TNBC患者264名,HR+/HER2-患者1 040 名;此外,AKT通路改变亚型的患者632例,AKT通路未改变亚型的患者204例。除一项研究外,其余研究都使用美国国家癌症研究所不良事件通用术语标准(NCI CTCAE) 4.0或5.0版对纳入的AEs进行分级,其他基本特征如表1所示。

2.3 无进展生存期(PFS)

在这五项随机对照试验中,687名患者(52.68%)接受了Capivasertib或Ipatasertib治疗。与对照组相比,AKT抑制剂组患者的PFS显著改善(MD=2.39;95% CI:[1.06,3.73];P=0.000 5;I2=55%),如图3(a)所示。

基于AKT途径状态变化的亚组分析显示,接受AKT抑制剂的患者PFS显著延长(SMD=0.33;95% CI:[0.11,0.55];P=0.003;I2=49%),如图3(b)所示。不管患者的AKT通路状态改变(SMD=0.34;95% CI:[0,0.69];P=0.05;I2=69%),如图3(b)所示,或保持不变(SMD=0.31;95% CI:[0.04,0.59];P=0.03;I2=0),如图3(b)所示,AKT抑制剂的使用都改善了患者的PFS。

2.4 次要指标相关评估结果

2.4.1 总生存期(OS)

虽然没有观察到显著差异,但与对照组相比,AKT抑制剂组表现出延长患者OS的趋势(HR=0.86;95% CI:[0.73,1.01];P=0.06;I2=0),如图4(a)所示。

2.4.2 反应持续时间(DOR)

报告患者DOR的三项研究表明AKT抑制剂治疗的效果无显著差异(MD=0.11;95% CI:[-2.03,2.26];P=0.92;I2=0),如图4(b)所示。

2.4.3 客观缓解率(ORR)和临床获益率(CBR)

AKT抑制剂的使用不影响患者的ORR[OR=1.22;95% CI:[0.87,1.72];P=0.24;I2=0,图4(c)]或CBR[OR=1.31;95% CI:[0.9,1.91];P=0.16;I2=0,图4(d)]。

2.5 不良反应(AEs)

在该荟萃分析中,所有研究评估了多个级别的不良事件,包括所有/任何级别、3/4级和≥3级。特别介绍了与所有/任何级别的总不良事件、特定的一般不良事件(腹泻、疲劳、恶心、皮疹和呕吐)以及某些严重不良事件(神经病变、感染、高血糖、中性粒细胞减少、高血压和丙氨酸氨基转移酶降低)相关的发现。

2.5.1 总AEs

对于所有/任何级别的总AEs,评估结果表明接受AKT抑制剂治疗的患者比未接受AKT抑制剂治疗的患者发生率更高(OR=4.78;95% CI:[2.84,8.07];P<0.000 01;I2=1%),如图5(a)所示。

2.5.2 一般AEs

所有/任何级别的一般不良事件均显示使用AKT抑制剂治疗的患者的腹泻[OR=11.06;95% CI:[6.83,17.9];P<0.000 01;I2=59%,图5(b)]、恶心[OR=2.35;95% CI:[1.82,3.03];P<0.000 01;I2=37%,图5(c)]、疹子[OR=3.62;95% CI:[1.68,7.83];P=0.001;I2=78%,图6(a)]和呕吐[OR=2.93;95% CI:[1.63,5.27];P=0.000 3;I2=59%,图6(b)]的发生率较对照组患者都有所增高。乏力无显著差异(OR=1.31;95% CI:[0.81,2.1];P=0.27;I2=60%),如图6(c)所示。

2.5.3 危险AEs

对6项危险AEs的评估表明,在使用AKT抑制剂的患者中,所有/任何级别的感染[OR=1.72;95% CI:[1.09,2.72];P=0.02;I2=0,图7(a)],3/4级或/和≥3级的感染(OR=6.27;95% CI:[1.39,28.39];P=0.02;I2=0,图7(b)]和所有/任何级别的高血糖症[OR=3.07;95% CI:[1.36,6.93];P=0.007;I2=63%,图8(a)],3/4级或/和≥3级的高血糖症[OR=7.61;95% CI:[2.05,28.3];P=0.02;I2=0,图8(b)]的发生概率增加。

3 讨论

乳腺癌是全球女性最常见且致命的癌症,严重危害当今女性的身心健康[39-41]。对于患有晚期或转移性乳腺癌的患者,医生通常采用内分泌、手术治疗,但治疗中往往因缺乏治疗靶点、发生耐药反应或肿瘤转移影响治疗效果[42-43]。采用不同组合的抑制剂以寻求潜在靶点进行治疗是一种可行的策略[44-45]。值得注意的是,HR+/HER2-乳腺癌是乳腺癌中最常见的亚型[46],且研究发现HR+乳腺癌和PI3K通路相互依赖[47]。PI3K/AKT通路在乳腺癌中频繁突变,在肿瘤进展、化疗耐药性和不良预后中起着关键作用[14,48-49]。多项临床试验强调了AKT抑制剂作为一种有前景的治疗方式[30-31,50]。同样,TNBC作为乳腺癌中最恶性的亚型[12,51],经常激活PI3K/AKT/mTOR途径,导致患者对MAPK抑制剂治疗发生耐药性和肿瘤进展[52]。临床研究表明,当AKT抑制剂与其他药物联合使用时,可以提高TNBC患者的存活率[29,53]。因此,系统分析AKT抑制剂在TNBC和HR+/HER2-乳腺癌患者中的疗效势在必行。

这项研究主要评估了AKT抑制剂对乳腺癌患者PFS的影响。这些发现表明,当AKT抑制剂与其他治疗联合使用时,患者的PFS显著延长。进一步的分析显示,无论AKT途径状态如何,AKT途径亚组的PFS均有所改善。最近的研究强调了Capivasertib有可能使乳腺癌患者的PFS翻倍[54],特别是那些AKT途径改变的患者(PIK3CA或MTOR)[14],这与该研究的评估结果一致。在AKT抑制剂类型亚组分析中,Capivasertib显著延长了患者的PFS,而Ipatasertib显示了潜在的PFS延长,尽管没有统计学意义。一项I期临床试验强调了Ipatasertib与其他化疗药物联合用于TNBC治疗的疗效[28]。希望未来有更多临床试验验证Ipatasertib的有效性。AKT抑制剂(Capivasertib和Ipatasertib)有望用于乳腺癌治疗,尤其是与紫杉醇和氟维司群联合使用[33,55-59]。

本研究对乳腺癌患者 PFS 的评估结果与最新三项Capivasertib 治疗实体瘤患者(Abushanab)、乳腺癌患者(Zaheer)和TNBC (Yang Minghao)患者的 Meta分析的评估结果一致,但是在某些方面也存在不同[60-62]。首先,与Abushanab的Meta分析相比,无论患者的AKT通路状态是否改变,患者的PFS都因使用AKT抑制剂得以改善,这与其评估结果相反。此外,Abushanab的Meta分析纳入了两种类型的肿瘤(乳腺癌和前列腺癌),而本研究仅纳入乳腺癌病例,排除了不同癌症类型的干扰,能更加准确的评估 AKT 抑制剂对乳腺癌的影响;尽管 Zaheer和Yang 的 Meta分析分别对HR+/HER2-和TNBC乳腺癌患者的疗效进行了分析,但是它们关于乳腺癌亚型这一情况没有进行分析,现对其进行了补充,并且从AKT抑制剂亚组方面评估两种AKT抑制剂(Capivasertib和lpatasertib)的疗效和安全性;最后,包括本研究在内的4篇Meta-分析纳入的研究数量均较少,导致评估结果的异质性较大。因此,后期还需要更多临床研究使分析结果更具说服力。

对AKT抑制剂治疗患者过程中所发生的AEs进行详细的评估。与单独化疗或激素治疗相比,AKT抑制剂治疗后的总AEs显著增加。个体不良事件分析表明,使用AKT抑制剂的大多数不良事件发生率增加,如腹泻、皮疹、呕吐和高血糖。实体瘤患者AKT抑制剂(Capivasertib和Ipatasertib)临床研究的一致安全性结果验证了这些发现[14,28,63]。值得注意的是,患者采用AKT抑制剂后感染风险增加,这在其他研究中未提及,强调了有感染或高血糖病史的患者慎用的重要性。

Meta分析纳入的研究都是双盲,随机临床试验,以确保整体研究的可靠性;探究AKT抑制剂在HR+/HER2-和转移性TNBC亚型中的有效性和安全性进一步强调了其重要性,为临床治疗提供依据;使用不同方法测量的指标的标准化分析增强了研究的稳健性。同时也存在一定的不足:本次Meta分析的评估数据大多经过上述方法转化,这一过程增加了研究的偏倚风险;由于该类临床研究较少,不可避免导致样本量的不足,使该研究的异质性增强进而对评估结果的准确性造成影响。

4 结论

AKT抑制剂能显著改善乳腺癌患者的PFS,尤其是AKT通路状态改变亚组的患者PFS。此外,虽然AKT抑制剂对于改善患者的OS、DOR、ORR和CBR在结局上无显著性差异,但存在明显的改善趋势。然而,AKT抑制剂诱发的潜在AEs,如感染和高血糖症,需要在后续治疗中根据个体患者情况谨慎使用。

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基金资助

内蒙古自治区卫生健康委员会项目(202202148)

内蒙古自治区卫生健康委员会项目(202201227)

内蒙古自治区卫生健康委员会项目(202202123)

内蒙古医科大学一般项目(YKD2022MS011)

内蒙古医科大学一般项目(YKD2022MS079)

内蒙古医科大学一般项目(YKD2021MS044)

内蒙古医科大学学科建设项目(YKD2023XK015)

内蒙古医科大学学科建设项目(YKD2022XK012)

内蒙古医科大学科技创新团队项目(YKD2022TD015)

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