水面溢油事故对水环境及生态系统造成严重威胁，快速准确地模拟溢油迁移扩散路径对溢油应急响应具有重要意义。提出一种基于背景流场与光滑粒子流体动力学（smoothed particle hydrodynamics, SPH）方法耦合的泄漏油品迁移扩散路径快速预测方法，模拟不同流速条件下油膜的迁移扩散行为。实验通过设置多种流速条件对油膜的迁移扩散过程进行观察记录，并将实验数据与数值模拟结果进行对比分析。结果表明：随着油膜迁移距离的增加，所提方法能够较为准确地再现油膜的迁移路径、形态演变，模拟结果与实验数据误差较小；随着流速增加，油膜在迁移过程中由圆形逐渐转变为椭圆形并沿流动方向拉长，呈现出显著的方向性。所提出的溢油预测方法具有较高的适用性和可靠性，能快速地得到大尺度复杂水体环境下的溢油迁移路径，为迅速准确地制定油品拦截与污染控制方案提供参考。

Oil spill incidents pose a significant threat to aquatic environments and ecosystems. The rapid and accurate simulation of oil spill migration and diffusion is essential for effective emergency response. A novel method was proposed to predict the migration and diffusion paths of leaked petroleum products, which coupled background flow fields with smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method. The proposed method simulated the migration and diffusion behaviors of oil films under varying flow velocity conditions. Experiments were performed under multiple flow velocities to observe and document the migration and diffusion processes of the oil films, followed by a comparative analysis of experimental data and numerical simulation results. The results show that as the oil film's migration distance increases, the proposed method accurately reproduces both the migration path and morphological evolution, with minimal error compared to experimental data. Furthermore, as flow velocity increases, the oil film transitions from a circular to an elliptical shape, elongating in the direction of flow, thus demonstrating significant directionality. The oil spill prediction method presented here proves to be highly applicable and reliable, enabling the rapid determination of oil migration paths in large-scale, complex aquatic environments, and providing a foundation for quickly developing effective oil interception and pollution control strategies.