蒙脱石因其水化膨胀性、阳离子交换性、表界面反应活性、电荷性以及大比表面积等性质，在钻井液领域中发挥着重要作用。近年来，开发蒙脱石基复合材料已成为提高钻井液性能和拓展其应用范围的重要途径之一。首先，回顾了蒙脱石矿物的物理化学性质和有机改性方法，探讨了其在改善钻井液性能方面的原理与优势。其次，总结了蒙脱石在钻井液中的胶体化学作用机理以及流变特性，阐述了蒙脱石微观结构与钻井液宏观流变性的关系。最后，简要分析了蒙脱石在钻井液领域所遭遇的应用挑战，并对含蒙脱石钻井液的发展方向进行了展望。

The important role of montmorillonite in the field of drilling fluids is attributed to its properties, such as hydration swelling, cation exchange, surface interface reactivity, charge, and large specific surface area. In recent years, the development of montmorillonite-based composites has become one of the most valuable ways to improve the performance of drilling fluids and expand their applications. Firstly, the physicochemical properties and organic modification methods of montmorillonite were reviewed, and its principle and advantages in improving drilling fluid properties were discussed. Secondly, the colloidal chemical mechanism of montmorillonite in drilling fluids as well as the rheological properties were summarized, and the relationship between montmorillonite microstructure and macro rheology of drilling fluids was illustrated. Finally, the application challenges of montmorillonite in drilling fluids were briefly analyzed and the development direction of drilling fluids containing montmorillonite was prospected.