微地震的两个重要特性是：微小和剪破裂为主；由此导出的监测特性同一般监测天然地震与人工地震勘探震源有重大差异。微震及其监测特性是研发、应用、与判断微震监测方法的基石。首先通过调研不同监测方法，对它们的特点和适用范围提出了建议，探索了一些方法改进不大的原因；其中最重要的是：在不知道微震个数、正负初动及信噪比时，需大规模试算统计考察大概率的震源机制组合，从而完成合理的偏移叠加；数理统计确认干扰特性的去噪要贯彻监测始终。其次，遵循微震及其监测特性，从概率与数理统计角度，说明微震监测不得不基于低信噪比的事实，对微破裂向量扫描（vector scanning, VS）原理与去噪进行了总结提高；对VS处理解释自动化过程中大量数据实施了数理统计，确认噪声相干参数，分析微震活动；弥补了地面监测垂向精度差不能很好地确认压裂改造体积的垂向高度这一瑕疵。VS经过20余年的研发，形成了较完整的地面监测体系。概率与数理统计是保证研发与应用微震监测方法成功的重要理念与工具。

The two important characteristics of microseismic are: tiny and shear rupture. The resulting monitoring characteristics are significantly different from those used to monitor natural earthquakes and artificial seismic exploration sources. Microseismic and its monitoring characteristics are the cornerstone of the development, application, and judgment of microseismic monitoring methods. First, different monitoring methods were investigated, suggestions were puts forward for their development and scope of application, and the reasons why some methods have not improved much were exploved. Among them, the most important ones are: when the number of microseismic, positive and negative initial motion, and signal-to-noise ratio are not easy known, it is necessary to conduct large-scale trial calculations and statistically investigate the combination of focal mechanisms with a high probability, so as to complete reasonable migration stacking. Mathematical statistics in the denoising should be used throughout all steps of detection, and so on. From the perspective of probability and mathematical statistics, following the characteristics of microseismic and its monitoring, the results show that microseismic monitoring has to be based on the fact of low signal-to-noise ratio, summarizes and improves the principle and denoising of VS(vector scanning). In the process of VS processing and interpretation automation, a large number of mathematical statistics are implemented to confirm the noise coherence parameters and analyze the microseismic activity. It makes up also for the defect that the vertical accuracy of ground monitoring is poor and cannot confirm the vertical height of the stimulation rock volume. VS has formed a relatively complete ground monitoring system after more than 20 years of research and development. Probability and mathematical statistics are important concepts and tools to ensure the success of the development and application of microseismic monitoring methods.