黔东南是中国最大且保存最好的苗族聚居区，拥有重要的民族文化遗产。苗族传统聚落是这一文化遗产的重要组成部分，研究其空间特征和影响因素对该地区的文化遗产可持续发展和保护具有重要理论和现实意义。综合运用ArcGIS空间分析、边界形态指数、空间句法及地理探测器等方法，从区域格局到个案特征分析角度出发，对聚落空间特征进行解构，并探寻其影响因素。结果表明：黔东南苗族传统聚落空间分布具有明显的集聚性与等级性。核密度最大值位于雷山县、台江县和剑河县交汇地带，整体空间格局呈现“西南和中南密集、东北稀疏”的分布特征。在自然地理环境限制下，聚落主要分布在海拔500 ~ 1 000 m、起伏度10 ~ 20 m、坡度2° ~ 5°和阳坡90° ~ 270°的清水江与都柳江及山地丘陵谷地中；聚落空间结构呈“团聚式”分布，外部边界呈指状形态，空间聚集中心显示聚落内部及边缘交通差异化分布。地理探测器研究结果显示，苗族传统聚落是自然-经济-社会复合系统的区域空间载体。自然地理环境因素对空间格局形成起基础作用，社会环境因素对内部空间组织与演变起引导和控制作用，经济发展因素对空间发展和保护具有决定作用。研究结论有助于认识这种复杂性，对理解苗族文化、制定保护和发展这些文化遗产及乡村振兴战略的实施至关重要。

Qiandongnan is the largest and best-preserved Miao settlement area in China, holding significant ethnic cultural heritage. Traditional settlements form an essential part of this heritage. Studying their spatial characteristics and influencing factors is crucial for the sustainable development and protection of cultural heritage in this region. By comprehensively utilizing ArcGIS spatial analysis, boundary morphology index, spatial syntax, and geographic detector methods, the spatial characteristics of settlements were deconstructed from the perspective of regional pattern and case feature analysis, and their influencing factors were explored. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of traditional Miao settlements in Qiandongnan is characterized by significant agglomeration and hierarchy. The highest nuclear density is at the intersection of Leishan, Taijiang and Jianhe. The overall spatial pattern shows a "dense in the southwest and central-south, sparse in the northeast" distribution. Constrained by natural geography, the settlements are mainly distributed in the Qingshui River and Duliu River valleys at altitudes of 500 ~ 1 000 m, with undulations of 10 ~ 20 m, gradients of 2° ~ 5°, and sunny slopes of 90° ~ 270°. The settlements' spatial structure exhibits a "clustered" distribution with finger-like external boundaries, and the center shows differentiated traffic flow within and at the edges of the settlements. The geodetector study reveals that Miao traditional settlements are regional spatial carriers of a natural-economic-social complex system. The natural geographic environment fundamentally shapes spatial patterns, the social environment guides and controls internal spatial organization and evolution, and economic development decisively influences spatial development and protection. The study enhances the understanding of this complexity, which is vital for appreciating Miao culture, developing strategies for protecting and developing this cultural heritage, and implementing rural revitalization strategies.