经典的土压力理论仅能计算挡土墙平动模式下的极限土压力。为了更接近真实工程情况，需要发展任意荷载作用及任意位移模式下的墙后黏性填土的非极限土压力理论。采用等效均布荷载的概念，将填土表面作用的任意类型荷载转化为均布荷载作用，在经典的土压力理论基础上，将刚性挡土墙看作理想刚塑性体和一系列弹簧的组合体，得到了黏土的土体刚度系数，由此改进了Coulomb土压力理论，推导了可以考虑任意荷载作用的任意位移模式下土体的非极限被动土压力一般计算方法。研究结果表明，被动土压力的分布和大小、合力作用点的位置与挡土墙的位移模式、黏聚力大小和填土表面作用荷载密切相关，当等效均布荷载、黏聚力均为0时，该方法退化为Coulomb土压力理论。模型验证结果表明，理论计算值和试验实测值吻合较好，证明该计算方法对于计算非极限状态下黏性土的被动土压力具有一定的理论意义，对工程实践也具有一定的实用价值。

The classical earth pressure theory only calculates the ultimate earth pressure in translational mode of the retaining wall. In order to get closer to the real engineering situation, it is necessary to develop the theory of non-ultimate earth pressure of the cohesive fill behind the wall under arbitrary load action and arbitrary displacement mode. The concept of equivalent uniform load was adopted to convert any type of load acting on the earth filling surface into uniform load. Based on the classical earth pressure theory, the rigid retaining wall was regarded as a combination of an ideal rigid plastic body and a series of springs, and the soil stiffness coefficient of the clay was obtained, which improved the Coulomb earth pressure theory and derives the general calculation method of the non-ultimate passive earth pressure of the soil in any displacement mode that can consider the arbitrary load. The research results indicate that the distribution and magnitude of passive soil pressure, the position of the resultant force point are closely related to the displacement mode of the retaining wall, the magnitude of cohesive force, and the load acting on the fill surface. When the equivalent uniform load and cohesive force are both 0, this method degenerates into Coulomb soil pressure theory. The model validation results show that the theoretical calculated values are in good agreement with the experimental measured values, proving that this calculation method has certain theoretical significance for calculating the passive soil pressure of cohesive soil under non limit states, and also has practical value for engineering practice.