The fracture interlayer thickness ratio (HR/H) serves as the core parameter governing the mechanical behavior and failure characteristics of composite materials. This study takes the fractured interlayer coal-rock composite specimens fabricated with bituminous coal collected from the Shanyang Coal Mine of the Chenghe Mining Area in Shaanxi Province and Weihe River sand as the research object. five sets of cubic samples with HR/H values ranging from 0 to 1 were designed. Through uniaxial compression tests combined with acoustic emission monitoring technology, the influence of the fracture interlayer thickness ratio on the composite''s mechanical properties, energy evolution patterns, and crack propagation characteristics was systematically investigated. An elastic modulus prediction formula was established based on a parallel model. Results demonstrate that as HR/H increases from 0 to 1, the composite''s peak strength decreases by 42.72%, peak strain declines by 43.03%, and elastic modulus drops by 52.32%. The failure mode shifts from primarily brittle fracture of the coal mass to ductile failure with multi-fracture propagation. The energy evolution progresses through four distinct stages: compaction phase, elastic deformation phase, plastic yield phase, and post-peak failure, with both elastic energy and dissipative energy peaks exhibiting exponential decay trends. When transitioning from pure coal samples to composite samples, acoustic emission signals shift from a single peak to dual peaks, the tensile crack proportion decreases linearly from 65.1% to 44.6%, and the failure mode changes from tensile-dominated to shear-dominated. A damage correction model incorporating compaction effects was developed using the Weibull distribution function, with model validation showing consistency with experimental mechanical behaviors. These findings provide theoretical insights for drilling support and collapse early-warning systems in deep coal seams traversing concealed fault fracture zones.