Evolution characteristics and instability conditions of bearing structure of roadway surrounding rock were studied by means of theoretical analysis and similar simulation. The mechanism of rock burst induced by bearing structure instability of roadway surrounding rock was[1] discussed and verified, and the prevention countermeasures of rock burst were put forward. The results show that the formation, evolution, and instability of the bearing structure of the roadway surrounding rock occurs during the roadway excavation and surrounding rock failure; the radius and thickness of the bearing structure of the roadway surrounding rock are related to original stress, roadway size, support strength and mechanical properties of the surrounding rock. As the support strength, cohesion, and internal friction angle of the surrounding rock increase or the in-situ stress decreases, the radius of bearing structure of the roadway surrounding rock continually reduces. With the increase of the roadway surrounding rock failure severity, the bearing structure progressively evolves outward, and the thickness-to-diameter ratio of the bearing structureis continuously decreasing. The critical load of the bearing structure is related to its Elastic Modulus and thickness-to-diameter ratio. The smaller the thickness-to-diameter ratio of the bearing structure, the smaller its critical load, and instability occurs once the load it bears exceeds the critical load. The essence of rock burst induced by bearing structure instability in deep coal roadway is the transmission of instability effect of surrounding rock bearing structure. Such rock burst can be prevented and controlled by improving the supporting strength of roadway surrounding rock and grouting to reinforce the bearing structure. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the mechanisms of rock bursts in deep "three-soft" coal seams and for developing targeted prevention strategies.