To enhance the safety participation behavior level of high-altitude railway construction personnel, from the perspective of emergency leadership of project managers, based on resource conservation theory, social cognition theory and protection motivation theory, a theoretical model is constructed with safety self-efficacy as the mediating variable and perception of high-altitude environmental risks as the moderating variable. To explore the influence mechanism of emergency leadership of project managers (including three dimensions: resilience mentality, resilient thinking and emergency literacy) on the safety participation behavior of high-altitude railway construction personnel. Using mature scales such as emergency leadership and safety participation behavior of project managers, a questionnaire survey was conducted with high-altitude railway construction workers as the research subjects. An empirical analysis was conducted by combining multiple linear regression (MLR) and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to reveal the relationships among variables and the configuration-driven effects. The research results show that all dimensions of project managers" emergency leadership have a significant positive impact on safety participation behavior. Safety self-efficacy plays a mediating role in the relationship between various dimensions of emergency leadership of project managers and safety participation behaviors. The positive moderating effect of high-altitude environmental risk perception on safety self-efficacy and safety participation behavior; The fsQCA analysis and the linear relationship among the variables revealed by MLR complement each other, identifying four equivalent configurations that drive high-safety participation behaviors, among which "resilience mindset + resilient thinking + safety self-efficacy + perception of high-altitude environmental risks" are the core driving configurations. The research results have clarified the influence mechanism and multiple driving paths of the safety participation behavior of high-altitude railway construction personnel, enriched the relevant research on the emergency leadership of project managers in the field of construction safety management, and can provide theoretical basis and practical reference for the safety management of high-altitude railway construction.