To address safety hazards caused by high-pressure hydrogen leakage explosions in hydrogen refueling stations and the insufficient protection capability of traditional blast walls, numerical simulations of leakage explosions and structural protection in a full-scale scenario were conducted based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and finite element analysis (FEA). The effects of hydrogen storage pressure, leakage aperture, and environmental factors on diffusion were analyzed, and the maximum risk scenario within the simulation domain was established. Dynamic response characteristics of ordinary reinforced concrete walls, wave-shaped walls, and walls reinforced with polyurea or carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) under explosion loads were compared. The results show that the explosion gas cloud formed by high-pressure large-aperture leakage without obstacles is the largest. The wave-shaped blast-facing surface significantly reduces transmitted overpressure on the back-blast side via wave interference effects, although stress concentration occurs at wave troughs. Polyurea elastomer effectively inhibits concrete spalling and debris splashing through viscoelastic damping energy dissipation, significantly reducing structural kinetic energy response. CFRP material greatly limits plastic deformation via a high-strength constraint mechanism, maintaining the structure within the elastic range. Consequently, the CFRP-reinforced wave-shaped wall is identified as a reference scheme balancing anti-collapse and wave-elimination capabilities. The differentiated blast resistance mechanisms revealed in this study provide a theoretical reference for the scientific selection and design of blast walls based on actual protection requirements.