The factors influencing the evaluation of grouting repair effectiveness on highway asphalt pavements were investigated in this study, with the aim of ensuring road safety and improving the repair quality. Nine key indicators were selected from the aspects of bearing performance, uniformity, compactness, and service performance after grouting repair. Based on the combination weighting-cloud model, an evaluation model for the grouting repair effectiveness of asphalt pavement was established. By integrating the analytic hierarchy process and entropy weight method through game theory, this approach effectively combines subjective cognition and objective data, overcoming the limitations of a single weighting method. Furthermore, the cloud model was introduced to comprehensively and accurately capture the fuzziness and randomness of grouting repair effects. Taking the cracks and voids in a section of the Dongqing Expressway as an example, the grouting repair effectiveness was evaluated. The results show that the proposed model can accurately reflect the actual condition of the asphalt pavement after grouting repair, achieving an important transformation from traditional qualitative and experience-oriented to scientific and semi-quantitative evaluation.