The western Songnen Plain is one of China’s important commodity grain bases. However, there is significant spatial variation in regional grain yields, with some areas being constrained by soil salinization and soil fertility. The spatial variability in soil nutrient distribution increases the difficulty of uniform fertilization and farmland management, thereby affecting the stability and sustainability of agricultural production.Therefore, it is essential to systematically reveal the spatial variation of soil properties in the western Songnen Plain and, based on this, establish scientifically reasonable management zones for precise fertilization and sustainable agricultural development.In this study, 61 surface (0–20 cm) soil samples were systematically collected and tested for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total organic carbon (TOC), and moisture content (MC). Statistical analysis, geostatistics, and fuzzy C-means clustering (FCM) methods were applied. The optimal number of management zones was determined based on the fuzzy performance index (FPI) and normalized classification entropy (NCE), and the results were validated using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Least Significant Difference (LSD) method.The results show that: (1) Soil is generally weakly alkaline, with small spatial variation in pH (CV = 8.7%), while EC, TN, TP, TOC, and MC exhibit moderate spatial variation (CV = 50.3%–76.5%); (2) Soil pH is significantly negatively correlated with TN, TP, and TOC (P < 0.01), while TN, TP, and TOC are significantly positively correlated with each other (r = 0.724–0.963), indicating a coordinated spatial variation of soil nutrients; (3) EC and MC show strong spatial correlation, primarily influenced by structural factors such as topography, groundwater depth, and soil parent material. pH, TN, TP, and TOC show moderate spatial correlation, influenced by both structural and random factors; (4)Based on FCM clustering analysis, the study area was divided into four soil management zones (MZ1–MZ4). MZ1 is primarily distributed in the southern part of Songyuan and the western part of Baicheng, with moderate soil nutrient levels among the four zones. MZ2 is mostly located in the western parts of Songyuan and Changchun, with a small portion in the western part of Baicheng, and has higher soil nutrient levels. MZ3 is mainly found in Baicheng, with lower soil nutrient levels and prominent salinization issues. MZ4 is distributed in Changchun, with the highest soil fertility and the lowest salinization. The area proportions of the four zones are balanced (20.83%–29.03%), with significant differences in soil properties between the zones (P < 0.01). Overall, there is a spatial pattern of increasing soil fertility and decreasing salinization from southwest to northeast.