To clarify the influence of interface void damage on the vibroacoustic radiation characteristics of steel-concrete composite structure, a refined finite element model is established to simulate the vibration and acoustic field space of a steel-concrete composite plate with a geometric size of 1.2 m×1.2 m ×0.43 m, and the influence of void position and void depth on the dynamic response of the structure is analyzed through multiple conditions. The dominant sensitive frequency bands of vibration and acoustic radiation of the composite structure are identified. The results show that the acoustic radiation response of a steel-concrete composite slab decreases with an increase in distance from the excitation position. The dynamic response of composite structures under void damage is greater than that under normal conditions, and the middle and high frequency band (600~800 Hz) is the core frequency band to identify void damage of steel-concrete composite structures. The closer the cavity area is to the excitation position, the more sensitive the dynamic response of the structure is, and the acoustic radiation response caused by the excitation cavity area has an obvious amplification effect. The increase in void depth will significantly increase the structural vibration response, and the acoustic radiation response is not sensitive to void depth.