Thermal management is a core guarantee for the reliability and safety of energy storage systems and a key step in improving energy efficiency and extending their service life. To the objective of design an efficient thermal management system for energy storage systems and educating, this paper systematically studies the current major thermal management technologies through a literature review method, exploring the advantages and disadvantages of various cooling technologies and methods for improving heat transfer capabilities. The results show that: air cooling technology has a simple structure but limited heat dissipation capacity; liquid cooling has a high heat capacity but carries the risk of leakage and corrosion; phase change material cooling can maintain temperature stability but generally has insufficient thermal conductivity; and heat pipe cooling has excellent cooling efficiency but is relatively costly. The thermal management of energy storage systems faces a combination of challenges: difficult temperature control under high heat flux density, performance degradation during long-term operation, local overheating safety risks, and insufficient intelligent design and control. Future thermal management technologies will tend toward composite cooling technologies and material innovations. Optimized design needs to be combined with system operational requirements and economic efficiency to provide more reliable theoretical support and engineering solutions for thermal management of energy storage systems.