The degradation of rock masses under freeze-thaw cycles in cold regions poses a significant threat to the safety and stability of engineering structures. This study investigates the mechanical properties and energy evolution of sandstone with varying saturation levels and damage degrees under freeze-thaw conditions through uniaxial cyclic loading tests using the Rock Top multi-field coupled test apparatus.[ ] The results indicate that: (1) With increasing saturation and damage values, the peak strength of freeze-thawed sandstone decreases significantly, while the peak strain increases, transitioning from brittle to ductile failure modes. (2) The elastic modulus decreases progressively with the number of cycles and damage values, exhibiting a three-stage decay pattern: sharp decline, gradual decline, and accelerated decline. (3) As the number of cycles, saturation, and damage values increase, elastic strain energy gradually converts into dissipated energy, with higher saturation and damage values leading to gr