In order to systematically investigate the coupling effects of bedding plane inclination and homogeneity on the failure characteristics of coal rock, this study established numerical models of bedded coal rock with different homogeneity indices based on the Rock Failure Process Analysis (RFPA) system, and analyzed the uniaxial compression mechanical behaviors under various conditions via two-dimensional numerical simulations. The results show that the homogeneity index significantly influences the distribution of meso-mechanical parameters and the macroscopic failure mode of coal rock. Under low homogeneity, randomly distributed internal defects lead to disordered propagation of micro-cracks and discrete release of acoustic emission energy. Under high homogeneity, the main fracture rapidly propagates along the weak bedding interfaces, and energy release exhibits a characteristic of “initial suppression followed by sudden outburst”. The dip angle of bedding induces mechanical anisotropy through stress decomposition and shear effects, with the anisotropy coefficient of elastic modulus peaking at specific inclination angles. The peak strength generally increases with the rise of the dip angle, while a sharp strength reduction occurs at moderate inclination angles. The failure mode changes significantly with the variation of the dip angle, showing distinct differences between conditions of vertical and parallel bedding. It is concluded that a dynamic coupling mechanism exists between homogeneity and bedding structure. Under moderate homogeneity, interfacial shear stress concentration triggers local progressive failure, and the mechanical barriers formed by the enrichment of hard minerals intensify interfacial stress concentration, leading to a sudden transition in failure mode at the critical homogeneity threshold. The research findings provide a theoretical basis for stability assessment and support design in coal rock engineering.