To investigate the impact of polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polypropylene fiber on the composite enhancement of loosely piled sandy soil in Southeast Xizang, unconfined compressive strength tests and direct shear tests were conducted. The study aimed to understand the effects of the improved sandy soil and determine the optimal mixing ratio of the improved materials. Additionally, the change in the strength of the improved sandy soil under water erosion after dry and wet cycles was analyzed, and the reinforcement mechanism was investigated. The results demonstrate that the dosage of PVA and polypropylene fibers has a significant effect on the unconfined compressive strength. The best improvement effect is achieved with a dosage ratio of 12% PVA + 0.25% polypropylene fibers, resulting in an unconfined compressive strength of 1,716 kPa. This is 67 times higher than that of sandy soil with an unconfined compressive strength of 25.46 kPa. The shear strength of the improved specimens with different fiber contents increased with the increase of PVA doping. After 10 dry and wet cycling processes, the 12% PVA + 0.25% polypropylene fiber specimen exhibited an unconfined compressive strength of about 748.66 kPa, which was still 91.8% of the strength at 7 days and 1.47 times that of the same age maintenance period of 28 days. Polyvinyl alcohol solution formed a polymer film that adhered to and wrapped the sandy soil, while polypropylene fiber wound and filled the sandy soil. The combination of these two materials improved the stability of the sandy soil, effectively enhancing the bonding strength between soil particles and increasing the compressive strength of the soil body.