In order to explore the characteristics of road erosion disasters and the influencing factors of road surface erosion in the loess engineering area of northern Shaanxi Oilfield, physical model tests were used to simulate runoff erosion of sand loess roads, and the development process of road fine trench erosion, the development characteristics of fine trench length, average width and average depth under different working conditions and the variation law of sand production rate were studied.The results show that the development process of fine groove can be divided into four stages: surface erosion stage - pit formation stage - fine furrow development stage - trench erosion and collapse stage. The length, average width and average depth of the fine trench are a function of the power of the water release time, and increase with the increase of the water release time.Among them, the length of the fine groove first increases sharply with the increase of the test duration, and then gradually decreases; With the increase of the average width of the fine groove with the increase of the trial duration, the overall increase first increased rapidly, and then the increase rate slowed down. The average depth change rate all reaches the inflection point at a certain moment, and the larger the flow, the earlier the inflection point is reached.Erosion disasters are significantly affected by flow and slope, and generally increase with the increase of slope and flow. The sand production rate is generally linear with the flow rate, and under other conditions, the sand production rate increases with the increase of the flow rate. Compared with the silty loess and clay loess in the south, the sand loess production rate in the oilfield area of northern Shaanxi is significantly larger, and the erosion disaster is more serious.