The conical cutterhead of the full-section shaft boring machine possesses the advantages of good guidance and convenient attitude adjustment in the construction of the shaft. As for the dis cutters are the most direct rock-breaking tool in the shaft boring machine construction, it’s full of meaning for rational design of the cutterhead tooling system and adjustment of equipment posture during excavation process to obtain the load distribution rules. The coupling model between the conical cutterhead and rock mass of the full section shaft boring machine is established based on ADAMS and the normal excavation of the machine is modeled by reasonably exerting the constraint condition. The load distribution laws of the conical cutterhead and cutters for the full section shaft boring machine are acquired. The results show that on account of different installation methods, the lateral force and rolling force of the positive rolling cutter were bigger than those of the central rolling cutter, which put forward higher requirements for the connection strength between the positive rolling cutter holder and the spoke. As the installation radius of the cutters on the cutterhead increased, the vertical force on it also increased. Compared with the positive rolling cutter, the resultant load of the central rolling cutters possessed better load stability with less fluctuation. As the installation radius of the cutter on the cutterhead increased, the stability of the resultant load on the cutter become worse with greater fluctuations.