At present, industrial oil and gas flows or oil and gas displays have been discovered in the Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic and Jurassic in the Wulungu Depression of the Junggar Basin. These oil and gas are mainly derived from Carboniferous source rocks. However, the distribution of effective source rocks and the characteristics of hydrocarbon generation and evolution of the Carboniferous in the study area are unclear. The author comparatively analyzed the hydrocarbon generation potential and thermal evolution characteristics of different layers and different lithological types of source rocks in the Carboniferous in the study area. The results show that the tuffaceous mudstone and mudstone of the Upper Carboniferous Batamayineishan Formation and the carboniferous mudstone of the lower Carboniferous Jiangbasitao Formation have high organic matter abundance, and the organic matter type is mainly Ⅱ2—Ⅲ, which is in the mature to over-mature evolution stage, and has the characteristics of gas inclined. The comprehensive application of geochemical test data shows that the source rock of The Jiangbasitao Formation is an effective gas source rock, while the current drilling revealed that the maturity of the source rock of the BatamayiNeishan Formation is low, which fails to meet the standard of effective gas source rock. Through systematic comparison of the geochemical parameters of the carboniferous source rocks in the study area and the Dishuiquan sag. It is found that there are high similarities between them. It can be seen that Jiangbasitao Formation of Carboniferous is a set of potential hydrocarbon source rocks in the Central-Southern Wulungu Depression in Junggar Basin,it points out the direction for the next oil and gas exploration.