For the sake of solving the serious problems of transverse and longitudinal cracks and rutting on semi-rigid base asphalt pavement of urban roads in Urumqi, the typical semi-rigid base asphalt pavement structure of urban roads in Urumqi was selected to make regular changes in surface layer thickness, base modulus and base layer thickness, and to study the mechanical distribution and change rules of asphalt pavement structure under different driving loads. ANSYS finite element software was used to simulate the semi-rigid base asphalt pavement structure under different driving loads, and the extracted data were analyzed. The results show that: with the increase of the asphalt surface thickness, the tensile stress and shear stress of the asphalt layer are gradually reduced, but the reduction amplitude is different; with the increase of the thickness of the semi-rigid base layer, the tensile stress and shear stress of the asphalt layer gradually decrease, and the reduction range is small; with the increase of the modulus of semi-rigid base, the vertical displacement and shear stress of asphalt layer decrease gradually. Therefore, it is suggested that the value of asphalt surface layer should be between 18~20cm, the thickness of semi-rigid base layer should be between 35~40cm, and the modulus of semi-rigid base layer should be between 1500~1600MPa.